Kugwiritsa Ntchito Rare Earth mu Zinthu Zophatikiza

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwaRare Earthmu Zinthu Zophatikizika
Zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka zili ndi mawonekedwe apadera a 4f amagetsi, mphindi yayikulu ya maginito atomiki, kulumikizana mwamphamvu ndi mawonekedwe ena. Popanga ma complexes ndi zinthu zina, chiwerengero chawo chogwirizanitsa chikhoza kusiyana kuchokera ku 6 mpaka 12. Zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kristalo. Zapadera zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala zapadziko lapansi zosowa zimawapangitsa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakusungunula zitsulo zapamwamba kwambiri komanso zopanda chitsulo, magalasi apadera ndi zida zadothi zogwira ntchito kwambiri, zida za maginito okhazikika, zida zosungiramo haidrojeni, zowunikira ndi laser, zida zanyukiliya. , ndi magawo ena. Ndikukula kosalekeza kwa zida zophatikizika, kugwiritsa ntchito kwapadziko lapansi kosowa kwafalikiranso kumunda wazinthu zophatikizika, kukopa chidwi chofala pakuwongolera mawonekedwe amtundu pakati pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Mitundu yayikulu yogwiritsira ntchito nthaka yosowa pokonzekera zinthu zophatikizika ndi izi: ① kuwonjezerazitsulo zapadziko lapansi zosawerengekakuzinthu zophatikizika; ② Onjezani mu mawonekedwe aosowa nthaka oxidesku zinthu zophatikizika; ③ Ma polima opindika kapena omangidwa ndi zitsulo zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka m'ma polima amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida za matrix muzinthu zophatikizika. Mwa mitundu itatu yomwe ili pamwambayi yapadziko lapansi, mitundu iwiri yoyambirira imawonjezeredwa kumagulu azitsulo azitsulo, pomwe yachitatu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagulu a ma polima a matrix, ndipo gulu la ceramic matrix limawonjezedwa mu mawonekedwe achiwiri.

Dziko lapansi losowamakamaka zimagwira ntchito pazitsulo zachitsulo ndi zosakaniza za ceramic monga zowonjezera, zolimbitsa thupi, ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera, zomwe zimathandizira kwambiri ntchito zawo, kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira, ndikupangitsa kuti ntchito yake ikhale yotheka.

Kuphatikizika kwa zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosowa monga zowonjezera muzinthu zophatikizika makamaka kumathandizira kukonza magwiridwe antchito azinthu zophatikizika ndikulimbikitsa kukonzanso kwa njere zachitsulo. Limagwirira ntchito ndi motere.

① Sinthani kunyowa pakati pa matrix achitsulo ndi gawo lolimbikitsa. The electronegativity wa zinthu osowa lapansi ndi otsika (ang'onoang'ono electronegativity zitsulo, mphamvu kwambiri electronegativity wa nonmetals). Mwachitsanzo, La ndi 1.1, Ce ndi 1.12, ndipo Y ndi 1.22. The electronegativity wa common base metal Fe ndi 1.83, Ni ndi 1.91, ndi Al ndi 1.61. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi zitha kukongoletsa malire ambewu ya matrix achitsulo ndi gawo lolimbikitsira panthawi yosungunula, kuchepetsa mawonekedwe awo mphamvu, kukulitsa ntchito yomatira ya mawonekedwe, kuchepetsa kunyowetsa ngodya, ndipo potero kuwongolera kunyowa pakati pa masanjidwewo. ndi gawo lowonjezera. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kuwonjezera kwa La element pa aluminiyamu masanjidwewo bwino bwino wettability wa AlO ndi aluminiyamu madzi, ndi bwino microstructure wa zipangizo kompositi.

② Limbikitsani kukonzanso kwa njere zachitsulo. Kusungunuka kwa dziko losowa kwambiri mu krustalo yachitsulo ndikochepa, chifukwa utali wa atomiki wa zinthu zapadziko lapansi ndi zazikulu, ndipo utali wa atomiki wa matrix achitsulo ndi ochepa. Kulowa kwa zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe zili ndi utali wokulirapo mu latisi ya matrix kumayambitsa kusokonekera kwa lattice, komwe kumawonjezera mphamvu zamakina. Kuti mukhalebe ndi mphamvu zotsika kwambiri zaulere, maatomu osowa padziko lapansi amatha kukulitsa malire ambewu osakhazikika, omwe amalepheretsa kukula kwa mbewu za matrix. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe zasokonekera zidzawonjezeranso zinthu zina za aloyi, ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu za alloy, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chigawo chanu chisazizire bwino, ndikupangitsa kuti matrix azitsulo azisungunuka. Komanso, ndi undercooling chifukwa elemental tsankho kungathandizenso mapangidwe olekanitsidwa mankhwala ndi kukhala ogwira heterogeneous nucleation particles, potero kulimbikitsa kuyengedwa kwa zitsulo masanjidwewo mbewu.

③ Yeretsani malire a tirigu. Chifukwa cha kuyanjana kwakukulu pakati pa zinthu zapadziko lapansi ndi zinthu zomwe zimasowa kwambiri monga O, S, P, N, ndi zina zotero, mphamvu yaulere yopangira ma oxides, sulfides, phosphides, ndi nitrides ndiyotsika. Mankhwalawa ali ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri komanso otsika kwambiri, ena amatha kuchotsedwa mwa kuyandama kuchokera ku madzi a alloy, pamene ena amagawidwa mofanana mkati mwa njere, kuchepetsa kugawanika kwa zonyansa pamalire a tirigu, potero kuyeretsa malire a tirigu ndi kukulitsa mphamvu zake.

Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti, chifukwa cha ntchito yaikulu komanso malo otsika osungunuka a zitsulo zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi, zikawonjezeredwa kumagulu azitsulo zachitsulo, kukhudzana kwawo ndi mpweya kuyenera kuyendetsedwa mwapadera panthawi yowonjezera.

Zochita zambiri zatsimikizira kuti kuwonjezera ma oxides osowa padziko lapansi monga zokhazikika, zothandizira za sintering, ndi ma doping modifiers ku matrix osiyanasiyana achitsulo ndi ma ceramic matrix kompositi amatha kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu ndi kulimba kwa zinthu, kuchepetsa kutentha kwawo, motero kuchepetsa mtengo wopangira. Waukulu limagwirira ntchito yake ndi motere.

① Monga chowonjezera cha sintering, chimatha kulimbikitsa sintering ndikuchepetsa porosity muzinthu zophatikizika. Kuwonjezera kwa sintering zowonjezera ndi kupanga gawo lamadzimadzi pa kutentha kwakukulu, kuchepetsa kutentha kwa sintering kwa zipangizo zophatikizika, kulepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zotentha kwambiri panthawi ya sintering, ndikupeza zipangizo zosakanikirana ndi madzi. Chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwapamwamba, kufooka kwa kutentha kwakukulu, ndi kusungunuka kwakukulu ndi kuwira kwa ma oxides osowa padziko lapansi, amatha kupanga magawo a galasi ndi zipangizo zina zopangira ndi kulimbikitsa sintering, kuwapanga kukhala chowonjezera chothandiza. Nthawi yomweyo, osayidi wapadziko lapansi osowa amathanso kupanga njira yolimba ndi ceramic matrix, yomwe imatha kupanga zolakwika za kristalo mkati, yambitsani lattice ndikulimbikitsa kuyimba.

② Sinthani ma microstructure ndikuyeretsani kukula kwambewu. Chifukwa chakuti ma oxides osowa padziko lapansi owonjezera amapezeka makamaka pamalire ambewu ya matrix, ndipo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo, ma oxides osowa padziko lapansi amakhala osasunthika kwambiri mu kapangidwe kake, komanso amalepheretsa kusamuka kwa ma ion ena, potero amachepetsa Kusamuka kwa malire a tirigu, kulepheretsa kukula kwa mbewu, ndikulepheretsa kukula kwa mbewu panthawi yotentha kwambiri. Amatha kupeza timbewu tating'ono ndi yunifolomu, zomwe zimathandizira kupanga mapangidwe olimba; Komano, ndi doping osowa nthaka oxides, iwo kulowa m'malire galasi galasi gawo, kuwongolera mphamvu ya gawo galasi ndipo potero kukwaniritsa cholinga kuwongolera mawotchi katundu wa zinthu.

Zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe sizipezeka m'magulu a polymer matrix zimawakhudza kwambiri posintha mawonekedwe a ma polima. Ma oxides osowa padziko lapansi amatha kuwonjezera kutentha kwa ma polima, pomwe ma carboxylates osowa padziko lapansi amatha kupititsa patsogolo kukhazikika kwamafuta a polyvinyl chloride. Doping polystyrene yokhala ndi mankhwala osowa padziko lapansi imatha kupititsa patsogolo kukhazikika kwa polystyrene ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yake komanso mphamvu yopindika.