Njira yochotsera Barium

(1) Kukonzekera kwa barium oxide 

Mwala wapamwamba kwambiri wa barite uyenera kusankhidwa ndi manja ndikuyandama, ndiyeno chitsulo ndi silicon zimachotsedwa kuti zipeze chokhazikika chomwe chili ndi 96% barium sulfate. Ufa wa ore wokhala ndi tinthu ting'onoting'ono tochepera 20 mesh umasakanizidwa ndi malasha kapena mafuta a coke ufa mu chiŵerengero cholemera cha 4: 1, ndikuwotcha pa 1100 ℃ mu ng'anjo yotsitsimula. Barium sulfate amachepetsedwa kukhala barium sulfide (yomwe imadziwika kuti "black phulusa"), ndipo yankho lopezeka la barium sulfide limathiridwa ndi madzi otentha. Kuti asinthe barium sulfide kukhala barium carbonate mpweya, sodium carbonate kapena carbon dioxide ayenera kuwonjezeredwa ku barium sulfide amadzimadzi. Barium oxide ikhoza kupezedwa posakaniza barium carbonate ndi ufa wa kaboni ndikuyiyika pamwamba pa 800 ℃. Dziwani kuti barium oxide ndi oxidized kupanga barium peroxide pa 500-700 ℃, ndi barium peroxide akhoza kuwola kupanga barium okusayidi pa 700-800 ℃. Choncho, pofuna kupewa kupanga barium peroxide, mankhwala calcined ayenera utakhazikika kapena kuzimitsidwa pansi pa chitetezo cha mpweya inert. 

(2) Aluminothermic kuchepetsa njira kubala zitsulo barium 

Chifukwa cha zosakaniza zosiyanasiyana, pali machitidwe awiri a aluminium kuchepetsa barium oxide:

6BaO+2Al→3BaO•Al2O3+3Ba↑

Kapena: 4BaO+2Al→BaO•Al2O3+3Ba↑

Pa 1000-1200 ℃, machitidwe awiriwa amatulutsa barium pang'ono, kotero pampu ya vacuum imafunika kusamutsa nthunzi wa barium mosalekeza kuchokera kumalo ochitirako kupita kumalo osungirako kuti zomwe zikuchitika zipitirire kumanja. Zotsalira pambuyo pochitapo kanthu ndizowopsa ndipo zimafunika kuthandizidwa zisanatayidwe.

Kukonzekera wamba barium mankhwala 

(1) Kukonzekera njira ya barium carbonate 

① Njira ya carbonization

Njira ya carbonization makamaka imaphatikizapo kusakaniza barite ndi malasha mu gawo linalake, kuwaphwanya mu ng'anjo yozungulira ndi calcining ndi kuwachepetsa pa 1100-1200 ℃ kuti asungunuke barium sulfide. Mpweya woipa umalowetsedwa mu njira ya barium sulfide ya carbonization, ndipo zotsatira zake ndi izi:

BaS+CO2+H2O=BaCO3+H2S

Barium carbonate slurry yomwe idapezedwa imatsukidwa, kutsukidwa ndikusefedwa, kenako zowuma ndikuphwanyidwa pa 300 ℃ kuti mupeze chomaliza cha barium carbonate. Njirayi ndi yosavuta komanso yotsika mtengo, choncho imatengedwa ndi opanga ambiri.

② Njira yowola kawiri

Barium sulfide ndi ammonium carbonate amatha kuwonongeka kawiri, ndipo zotsatira zake ndi izi:

BaS+(NH4)2CO3=BaCO3+(NH4)2S

Kapena barium kolorayidi imakhudzidwa ndi potaziyamu carbonate, ndipo zotsatira zake ndi izi:

BaCl2+K2CO3=BaCO3+2KCl

The mankhwala analandira anachita ndiye osambitsidwa, osasankhidwa, zouma, etc. kupeza yomalizidwa barium carbonate mankhwala.

③ Njira ya Barium carbonate

Barium carbonate ufa amachitidwa ndi ammonium mchere kuti apange soluble barium mchere, ndi ammonium carbonate ndi recycled. Mchere wosungunuka wa barium umawonjezeredwa ku ammonium carbonate kuti upangitse mpweya woyenga wa barium carbonate, womwe umasefedwa ndikuwumitsidwa kuti upange chomaliza. Kuonjezera apo, mowa wa mayi wopezeka ukhoza kubwezeredwa. Zomwe zimachitika ndi izi:

BaCO3+2HCl=BaCl2+H2O+CO2

BaCl2+2NH4OH=Ba(OH)2+2NH4Cl

Ba(OH)2+CO2=BaCO3+H2O 

(2) Kukonzekera njira ya barium titanate 

① Njira yokhazikika

Titanate ya barium ikhoza kupezedwa ndi calcining barium carbonate ndi titaniyamu woipa, ndi zinthu zina zilizonse zitha kulowetsedwamo. Zomwe zimachitika ndi izi:

TiO2 + BaCO3 = BaTiO3 + CO2↑

② Njira yochepetsera mpweya

Barium chloride ndi tetrachloride ya titaniyamu zimasakanizidwa ndikusungunuka mofanana, kutenthedwa kufika 70°C, ndiyeno oxalic acid amawonjezedwa dropwise kuti apeze hydrated barium titanyl oxalate [BaTiO(C2O4)2•4H2O] precipitate, yomwe imatsukidwa, zowumitsidwa, kenako ndi pyrolyzed kuti ipeze barium titanate. Zomwe zimachitika ndi izi:

BaCl2 + TiCl4 + 2H2C2O4 + 5H2O = BaTiO(C2O4)2•4H2O↓ + 6HCl

BaTiO(C2O4)2•4H2O = BaTiO3 + 2CO2↑ + 2CO↑ + 4H2O

Pambuyo pomenya metatitanic acid, njira ya barium chloride imawonjezeredwa, ndiyeno ammonium carbonate imawonjezeredwa pansi pa kugwedezeka kuti apange coprecipitate ya barium carbonate ndi metatitanic acid, yomwe imapangidwa kuti ipeze mankhwala. Zomwe zimachitika ndi izi:

BaCl2 + (NH4)2CO3 = BaCO3 + 2NH4Cl

H2TiO3 + BaCO3 = BaTiO3 + CO2↑ + H2O 

(3) Kukonzekera kwa barium chloride 

Kupanga kwa barium kolorayidi kumaphatikizapo njira ya hydrochloric acid, njira ya barium carbonate, njira ya calcium chloride ndi njira ya magnesium chloride molingana ndi njira zosiyanasiyana kapena zopangira.

① Njira ya Hydrochloric acid. Pamene barium sulfide amathandizidwa ndi hydrochloric acid, zomwe zimachitika kwambiri ndi:

BaS+2HCI=BaCl2+H2S↑+Q