Barium ku Bolognite

aliamu, gawo 56 la tebulo la periodic.

Barium hydroxide, barium chloride, barium sulfate… ndizinthu zodziwika bwino m'mabuku aku sekondale. Mu 1602, akatswiri a alchemist akumadzulo anapeza mwala wa Bologna (wotchedwanso "mwala wa dzuwa") umene umatulutsa kuwala. Mwala wamtunduwu uli ndi timiyendo tating'ono ta luminescent, tomwe timatulutsa kuwala nthawi zonse pambuyo poyatsidwa ndi dzuwa. Makhalidwe amenewa anachititsa chidwi afiti ndi alchemist. Mu 1612, wasayansi Julio Cesare Lagara adasindikiza buku lakuti "De Phenomenis in Orbe Lunae", lomwe linalemba chifukwa cha kuwala kwa mwala wa Bologna kuchokera ku chigawo chake chachikulu, barite (BaSO4). Komabe, mu 2012, malipoti adavumbulutsa kuti chifukwa chenicheni cha kuwala kwa mwala wa Bologna chinachokera ku barium sulfide yopangidwa ndi ayoni amkuwa monovalent ndi divalent. Mu 1774, katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Sweden Scheler anapeza barium oxide ndipo anaitcha "Baryta" (dziko lapansi lolemera), koma barium zitsulo sizinapezeke. Sizinafike mpaka 1808 kuti katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Britain David adapeza chitsulo chochepa choyera kuchokera ku barite kupyolera mu electrolysis, yomwe inali barium. Pambuyo pake adatchedwa liwu lachi Greek lakuti barys (lolemera) ndi chizindikiro choyambirira cha Ba. Dzina lachi China lakuti “Ba” limachokera ku Kangxi Dictionary, kutanthauza chitsulo chamkuwa chosasungunuka.

Barium zitsuloimagwira ntchito kwambiri ndipo imakhudzidwa mosavuta ndi mpweya ndi madzi. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa mpweya wotuluka m'machubu a vacuum ndi machubu azithunzi, komanso kupanga ma aloyi, zozimitsa moto ndi zida zanyukiliya. Mu 1938, asayansi adapeza barium ataphunzira zinthuzo ataphulitsa uranium ndi ma neutroni pang'onopang'ono, ndipo amalingalira kuti barium iyenera kukhala imodzi mwazinthu zopangidwa ndi uranium nyukiliya fission. Ngakhale kuti pali zambiri zomwe zapezedwa za barium yachitsulo, anthu amagwiritsabe ntchito mankhwala a barium pafupipafupi.

Mankhwala oyambirira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito anali barite - barium sulfate. Titha kuzipeza muzinthu zambiri zosiyanasiyana, monga inki yoyera mu pepala lajambula, utoto, mapulasitiki, zokutira zamagalimoto, konkire, simenti yolimbana ndi ma radiation, chithandizo chamankhwala, ndi zina zambiri. Makamaka mu zamankhwala, barium sulfate ndi "barium chakudya" kudya pa gastroscopy. Chakudya cha Barium “- ufa woyera wopanda fungo ndi wosakoma, wosasungunuka m’madzi ndi m’mafuta, ndipo sudzatengedwa ndi matumbo a m’mimba, ndiponso sudzakhudzidwa ndi asidi wa m’mimba ndi madzi ena a m’thupi. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma atomiki a barium, imatha kupanga chithunzi chamagetsi ndi X-ray, kuwunikira mawonekedwe a X-ray, ndikupanga chifunga pafilimuyo ikadutsa mu minofu yamunthu. Ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo kusiyana kwa mawonetsedwe, kotero kuti ziwalo kapena minofu yomwe ili ndi popanda wothandizila yosiyanitsa imatha kuwonetsa zosiyana zakuda ndi zoyera pa filimuyo, kuti zikwaniritse zotsatira zoyendera, ndikuwonetsadi kusintha kwa pathological mu chiwalo cha munthu. Barium si chinthu chofunikira kwa anthu, ndipo insoluble barium sulphate imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chakudya cha barium, kotero sichidzakhudza kwambiri thupi la munthu.

Koma mchere wina wamba wa barium, barium carbonate, ndi wosiyana. Kungotchula dzina lake, munthu akhoza kudziwa kuvulaza kwake. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa izo ndi barium sulfate ndikuti imasungunuka m'madzi ndi asidi, kupanga ayoni ambiri a barium, zomwe zimayambitsa hypokalemia. Pachimake barium mchere poyizoni ndi osowa, nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha mwangozi kulowetsedwa sungunuka sungunuka barium salt. Zizindikiro ndi ofanana pachimake gastroenteritis, choncho Ndi bwino kupita ku chipatala chapamimba lavage kapena kutenga sodium sulfate kapena sodium thiosulfate kwa detoxification. Zomera zina zimakhala ndi ntchito yoyamwitsa ndi kusonkhanitsa barium, monga ndere zobiriwira, zomwe zimafuna kuti barium ikule bwino; Mtedza wa ku Brazil umakhalanso ndi 1% barium, choncho ndikofunika kuidya moyenera. Ngakhale zili choncho, kuuma kumagwirabe ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga mankhwala. Ndi chigawo cha glaze. Pophatikizana ndi ma oxides ena, amathanso kuwonetsa mtundu wapadera, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinthu chothandizira mu zokutira za ceramic ndi galasi la kuwala.

Kuyesera kwa mankhwala otchedwa endothermic reaction kawirikawiri kumachitika ndi barium hydroxide: mutatha kusakaniza barium hydroxide yolimba ndi ammonium mchere, mphamvu ya endothermic imatha kuchitika. Ngati madontho angapo amadzi agwera pansi pa chidebecho, madzi oundana omwe amaundana ndi madzi amatha kuwoneka, ndipo ngakhale zidutswa za galasi zimatha kuzizira ndikukakamira pansi pa chidebecho. Barium hydroxide ili ndi alkalinity yolimba ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira kupanga ma phenolic resins. Ikhoza kulekanitsa ndi kutulutsa ayoni a sulfate ndikupanga mchere wa barium. Pankhani ya kusanthula, kutsimikiza kwa mpweya woipa mu mpweya ndi kachulukidwe kusanthula chlorophyll amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito barium hydroxide. Popanga mchere wa barium, anthu apanga ntchito yosangalatsa kwambiri: kubwezeretsanso zojambula pambuyo pa kusefukira kwa madzi ku Florence mu 1966 kunamalizidwa pochita ndi gypsum (calcium sulfate) kuti apange barium sulfate.

Zina za barium zomwe zili ndi mankhwala zimasonyezanso zinthu zodabwitsa, monga photorefractive properties za barium titanate; Kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri kwa YBa2Cu3O7, komanso mtundu wobiriwira wofunikira kwambiri wa mchere wa barium mu zozimitsa moto, zonse zakhala zowunikira kwambiri pazinthu za barium.