Njira ya US rare Earth minerals iyenera. . . Wopangidwa ndi nkhokwe zina za dziko la zinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi, kukonza kwa minerals osowa padziko lapansi ku United States kudzayambikanso kudzera mu kukhazikitsidwa kwa zolimbikitsa zatsopano ndi kuchotsedwa kwa zolimbikitsa, ndi [kafukufuku ndi chitukuko] mozungulira kukonza ndi mitundu ina ya mchere watsopano wosowa padziko lapansi. Tikufuna thandizo lanu.-Wachiwiri kwa Mlembi wa Chitetezo ndi Chitetezo Ellen Lord, umboni wochokera ku Senate Armed Forces Preparation and Management Support Subcommittee, October 1, 2020. Kutatsala tsiku limodzi umboni wa Mayi Lord, Purezidenti Donald Trump adasaina lamulo lalikulu "kulengeza kuti makampani a migodi alowa m'malo adzidzidzi" cholinga chake ndi "kulimbikitsa ntchito zankhondo zaku United States kuti zichepetse ukadaulo wankhondo ku United States." Kudalira China ". Kutuluka kwadzidzidzi kwachangu m’nkhani zimene sizinakambidwe kaŵirikaŵiri mpaka pano kuyenera kuti kudadabwitsa anthu ambiri.Malinga ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya nthaka, maiko osowa padziko lapansi si osowa, koma ndi amtengo wapatali. Yankho lomwe likuwoneka ngati lachinsinsi lagona pa kupezeka. Zinthu zamtundu wa Rare Earth (REE) zili ndi zinthu 17 zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagetsi ogula ndi zida zodzitetezera, ndipo zidapezeka koyamba ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku United States. Komabe, kupanga pang'onopang'ono kukupita ku China, komwe kutsika mtengo kwa ntchito, kuchepetsa chidwi cha chilengedwe, komanso thandizo lochokera kudzikoli limapangitsa kuti People's Republic of China (PRC) ikhale ndi 97% yopanga padziko lonse lapansi. Mu 1997, Magniquench, kampani yodziwika kwambiri padziko lapansi ku United States, idagulitsidwa ku bungwe loyang'anira ndalama lotsogozedwa ndi Archibald Cox (Jr.), mwana wa woimira boma yemwenso dzina lake Watergate. Consortium idagwira ntchito ndi makampani awiri aboma aku China. Kampani ya Metal, Sanhuan New Materials ndi China Nonferrous Metals Import and Export Corporation. Wapampando wa Sanhuan, mwana wamkazi wa mtsogoleri wamkulu Deng Xiaoping, adakhala wapampando wa kampaniyo. Magniquench idatsekedwa ku United States, idasamukira ku China, ndikutsegulidwanso mu 2003, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi "Super 863 Program" ya Deng Xiaoping, yomwe idapeza ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri wogwiritsa ntchito zankhondo, kuphatikiza "zida zakunja." Izi zidapangitsa Molycorp kukhala womaliza wotsalira wamkulu wapadziko lapansi wosowa kwambiri ku United States mpaka idagwa mu 2015.Poyamba pomwe utsogoleri wa Reagan, akatswiri ena a metallurgists adayamba kuda nkhawa kuti dziko la United States lidadalira zinthu zakunja zomwe sizinali zaubwenzi pazigawo zazikulu za zida zake (makamaka Soviet Union panthawiyo), koma nkhaniyi sinakope chidwi ndi anthu. M’chaka cha 2010. Boma la Japan lidalengeza cholinga chake choyimitsa woyendetsa bwato la usodzi, ndipo boma la China pambuyo pake lidabwezera, kuphatikiza kuletsa kugulitsa kwapamadzi osowa ku Japan. Izi zikhoza kuwononga kwambiri makampani a magalimoto a ku Japan, omwe akuwopsezedwa ndi kukula kwachangu kwa magalimoto otchipa opangidwa ndi China. Mwa zina mwazogwiritsa ntchito, zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe zidasowa kwambiri ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri la osinthira injini. Kuwopseza kwa China kwawonedwa mozama kwambiri kotero kuti United States, European Union, Japan ndi mayiko ena angapo adasumira milandu ku World Trade Organisation (WTO) kuti dziko la China silingaletse kutumizidwa kunja kwa zinthu zosowa padziko lapansi. Komabe, mawilo a WTO akuyenda pang'onopang'ono: chigamulo sichinapangidwe mpaka zaka zinayi pambuyo pake. Unduna wa Zachilendo ku China pambuyo pake unakana kuti udakhazikitsa chiletso, ponena kuti dziko la China likufunika zinthu zachilendo zapadziko lapansi zopangira mafakitale ake omwe akutukuka. Izi zitha kukhala zolondola: pofika chaka cha 2005, China idaletsa kutumiza kunja, zomwe zidachititsa Pentagon nkhawa za kuchepa kwa zinthu zinayi zapadziko lapansi (lanthanum, cerium, euro, ndi), zomwe zidapangitsa kuchedwa kupanga zida zina. Kutha kwa Molycorp kukuwonetsanso kasamalidwe kochenjera kwa boma la China. Molycorp adaneneratu kuti mitengo yamayiko osowa idzakwera kwambiri pambuyo pa zomwe zidachitika pakati pa mabwato aku China ndi gulu lankhondo la Japan Coast Guard mchaka cha 2010, motero adapeza ndalama zambiri kuti amange malo opangira zida zapamwamba kwambiri. Komabe, pomwe boma la China lidabwezanso magawo otumiza kunja mu 2015, Molycorp idalemedwa ndi ngongole za US $ 1.7 biliyoni ndi theka la malo ake opangira. Zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake, idatuluka muzochita za bankirapuse ndikugulitsidwa $20.5 miliyoni, zomwe ndi ndalama zochepa poyerekeza ndi ngongole za $ 1.7 biliyoni. Kampaniyo idapulumutsidwa ndi mgwirizano, ndipo China Leshan Shenghe Rare Earth Company ili ndi 30% ya ufulu wosavota wa kampaniyo. Kunena mwaukadaulo, kukhala ndi magawo osavotera kumatanthauza kuti Leshan Shenghe ali ndi ufulu wosaposa gawo la phindu, ndipo kuchuluka kwa phinduli kungakhale kochepa, kotero anthu ena akhoza kukayikira zolinga za kampaniyo. Komabe, poganizira kukula kwa Leshan Shenghe poyerekeza ndi ndalama zomwe zimafunikira kuti apeze 30% ya magawo, kampaniyo ikhoza kukhala pachiwopsezo. Komabe, chisonkhezero chikhoza kuchitika mwa njira zina osati kuvota. Malinga ndi chikalata cha China chomwe chinapangidwa ndi Wall Street Journal, a Leshan Shenghe adzakhala ndi ufulu wokhawo wogulitsa mchere wa Mountain Pass. Mulimonsemo, Molycorp idzatumiza REE yake ku China kuti ikasinthidwe. Chifukwa cha kuthekera kodalira nkhokwe, makampani aku Japan sanakhudzidwe kwambiri ndi mkangano wa 2010. Komabe, kuthekera kwa China kugwiritsira ntchito zida zapadziko lapansi pano kwadziwika. M'milungu yochepa chabe, akatswiri a ku Japan adayendera Mongolia, Vietnam, Australia ndi mayiko ena ndi zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri padziko lapansi kuti akafunse mafunso. Pofika mwezi wa November 2010, dziko la Japan lidachita mgwirizano wanthawi yayitali ndi Lynas Group yaku Australia. Japan idatsimikiziridwa koyambirira kwa chaka chamawa, ndipo kuyambira kukula kwake, tsopano yapeza 30% ya dziko lake losowa kuchokera ku Lynas. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti bungwe la boma la China Nonferrous Metals Mining Group linayesa kugula gawo lalikulu ku Lynas chaka chimodzi chokha chapitacho. Poganizira kuti China ili ndi migodi yambiri yosowa, wina angaganize kuti China ikukonzekera kulamulira msika wapadziko lonse lapansi komanso wofunikira. Boma la Australia lidaletsa mgwirizano.Ku United States, zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka zawukanso pankhondo yamalonda ya Sino-US. Mu Meyi 2019, Secretary General waku China a Xi Jinping adachita ulendo wodziwika bwino komanso wophiphiritsa kwambiri ku Mgodi wa Jiangxi Rare Earth, womwe umatanthauziridwa ngati chiwonetsero chakukokera kwa boma lake ku Washington. Nyuzipepala ya People’s Daily, yomwe ndi nyuzipepala ya Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, inalemba kuti: “Ndi njira imeneyi yokha imene tingasonyezere kuti dziko la United States siliyenera kupeputsa mphamvu ya dziko la China poteteza ufulu ndi ufulu wake wachitukuko.” Musanene kuti sitinakuchenjezeni.” Owonerera adanena kuti, "Musanene kuti sitinachenjeze." Mawu akuti "inu" nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi atolankhani pazochitika zovuta kwambiri, monga China isanayambe ku Vietnam ku 1978 komanso mkangano wamalire ndi India wa 2017. Pofuna kuonjezera nkhawa za United States, monga zida zapamwamba kwambiri zimapangidwira, kuti pakufunika zitsanzo za F920 zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimafunikira 920. Mapaundi amitundu yosowa, ndipo sitima yapamadzi iliyonse yamtundu wa Virginia imafunikira kuwirikiza kakhumi. Zinthu zosungunulira zimadutsa m'zipinda zamadzi zambiri zomwe zimalekanitsa maelementi kapena zinthu zina - masitepewa amatha kubwerezedwa kambirimbiri kapenanso masauzande ambiri. Akayeretsedwa, akhoza kukonzedwa mu makutidwe ndi okosijeni Zida, phosphors, zitsulo, kaloti ndi maginito, amagwiritsa ntchito wapadera maginito, luminescent kapena electrochemical katundu wa zinthu zimenezi,” anati Scientific American. Madipoziti anapezedwa pafupi ndi chilumba cha Nanniao m’chigawo chake chokhacho cha zachuma, chomwe akuti chimakwaniritsa zosoŵa zake kwa zaka mazana ambiri Komabe, pofika mu 2020, nyuzipepala yachiŵiri yaikulu yatsiku ndi tsiku ya ku Japan, Asahi, inalongosola maloto odzipezera kukhala okhutira ndi moyo waumwini kukhala “kukhala matope.” Ngakhale kwa akatswiri aukadaulo aku Japan, kupeza njira yopangira malonda ikadali vuto Kuopsa kwa chilengedwe Asayansi akuda nkhawa kuti “chifukwa cha mmene madzi amayenda, madzi a pansi pa nyanja akhoza kugwa n’kutayira m’nyanja zinthu zapamadzi zimene zinakumbidwa mosowa kwambiri.” Zinthu zamalonda ziyenera kuganiziridwanso: matani a 3,500 ayenera kusonkhanitsidwa tsiku lililonse kuti kampaniyo ikhale yopindulitsa Pakalipano, matani 350 okha akhoza kusonkhanitsidwa kwa maola a 10 patsiku Kupatulapo kunali Lynas, yemwe adatumiza miyala yake ku Malaysia kuti ikonzenso ngakhale kuti chopereka cha Lynas ku vuto losowa padziko lapansi ndi chofunikira, si njira yabwino yothetsera zinthu zomwe zili m'migodi ya kampaniyi ndizotsika kuposa zomwe zili ku China, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti Lynas ayenera kukumba zida zambiri kuti achotse ndikupatula zitsulo zolemera kwambiri zapadziko lapansi (monga mtengo wocheperako). zitsulo zikuyerekezedwa ndi kugula ng'ombe yathunthu ngati ng'ombe: kuyambira mu Ogasiti 2020, mtengo wa kilogalamu imodzi ndi US $ 344.40, pomwe mtengo wa kilogalamu imodzi ya neodymium yopepuka ndi US $ 55.20 zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu kuti apite, kupangitsa ogula ku US kukhala pachiwopsezo cha kubwezera kwa Beijing Boma la Australia litaletsa kuyesa kwa China kuti atenge Lynas, Beijing idapitilizabe kufunafuna zinthu zina zakunja ku Vietnam ndipo yakhala ikuitanitsa zinthu zambiri kuchokera ku Myanmar Mu 2018, inali 25,000 ya Meyi mpaka 51. 2019, inali matani a 9,217 osowa kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi mikangano yomwe idayambitsa kuletsa zochita zosayendetsedwa ndi anthu ogwira ntchito ku migodi ku China. Ogula aku China akhala akufunanso kupeza malo opangira migodi ku Greenland, zomwe zimasokoneza United States ndi Denmark, zomwe zili ndi malo oyendetsa ndege ku Thule, dziko lodzilamulira lokhalokha la Shenghe Resources Holdings lakhala gawo lalikulu kwambiri la Greenland Minerals Co.019, Greenland Minerals Co, Ltd. Bungwe la Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) kuti lichite malonda ndi kukonza minerals osowa padziko lapansi. Zoyeserera za boma la Japan zopeza njira yabwino yopangira ma mineral deposits m'dera lake lazachuma zitha kukhala zopambana, ndipo kafukufuku wokhudza kupanga zolowa m'malo osowa padziko lapansi akupitilira anali ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa kupanga ndi kuyenga madzi otayidwa ndi poizoni kwambiri Madzi otayira pamwamba tailings dziwe akhoza kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa malo osowa leaching lapansi, koma madzi otayira akhoza kutayikira kapena kusweka, zomwe zimatsogolera ku kuipitsidwa kwamadzi kumunsi kwa mtsinje kusefukira kwa madzi kudakhudza kwambiri fakitale ya Leshan Shenghe komanso zomwe zidawonongeka. Dziko lapansi losowa lakhala lotsika kwambiri kwa nthawi yayitali, phindu logulitsa zinthuzi likuyerekezedwa ndi ndalama zomwe zimafunika kuzikonza. Palibe phindu. Zowonongeka. kukhudza kwambiri chitetezo cha US. CFIUS iyenera kukulitsa udindo wake kuti aphatikizepo chitetezo chachuma, ndipo ikuyenera kukhala tcheru Mosiyana ndi zomwe zachitika kwakanthawi kochepa m'mbuyomu, kuyang'anira kupitiliza kwa boma m'tsogolomu ndikofunikira Poyang'ana m'mbuyo pa zonena za People's Daily mu 2019, sitinganene kuti sizomwe tafotokozazi. udindo wa Foreign Policy Research Institute ndi bungwe lopanda tsankho lodzipereka kufalitsa nkhani zotsutsana za mfundo zakunja za US ndi chitetezo cha dziko. Pa Meyi 20, 2020, Purezidenti wa ku Taiwan Tsai Ing-wen adayamba nthawi yake yachiwiri […]Pamwambo wamtendere kwambiri […] the United States © 2000–2020 maufulu onse osungidwa.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-04-2022