Gawo 56: Barium

1, Chiyambi ChachikuluBarium,
Chinthu chachitsulo cha alkaline Earth, chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha mankhwala Ba, chili mu Gulu IIA la nyengo yachisanu ndi chimodzi ya tebulo la periodic. Ndi chitsulo chofewa, chasiliva chowala kwambiri cha alkaline padziko lapansi komanso chinthu chogwira ntchito kwambiri muzitsulo zamchere zamchere. Dzinali limachokera ku liwu lachi Greek beta alpha ρύς (barys), kutanthauza "kulemera".

2, Kupeza Mbiri Yachidule
Ma sulfides a zitsulo zamchere zamchere amawonetsa phosphorescence, kutanthauza kuti amapitirizabe kutulutsa kuwala kwa kanthawi mumdima pambuyo powonekera. Mankhwala a Barium anayamba kukopa chidwi cha anthu ndendende chifukwa cha khalidweli. Mu 1602, wosoka nsapato wotchedwa Casio Lauro mumzinda wa Bologna, Italy, anawotcha barite yokhala ndi barium sulfate pamodzi ndi zinthu zoyaka moto ndipo anapeza kuti ikhoza kutulutsa kuwala mumdima, zimene zinadzutsa chidwi cha akatswiri panthaŵiyo. Pambuyo pake, mwala uwu umatchedwa polonite ndipo unadzutsa chidwi cha akatswiri a zamankhwala a ku Ulaya pa kafukufuku wofufuza. Mu 1774, katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Sweden CW Scheele anapeza kuti barium oxide anali dothi latsopano lolemera kwambiri, limene anatcha “Baryta” (nthaka yolemera). Mu 1774, Scheler ankakhulupirira kuti mwala uwu ndi osakaniza dothi latsopano (osayidi) ndi sulfuric acid. Mu 1776, adatenthetsa nitrate munthaka yatsopanoyi kuti apeze nthaka yoyera (okusayidi). Mu 1808, katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Britain H. Davy anagwiritsa ntchito mercury monga cathode ndi platinamu monga anode kuti electrolyze barite (BaSO4) kupanga barium amalgam. Atatha kusungunula kuti achotse mercury, chitsulo chochepa choyera chinapezedwa ndi kutchedwa dzina lachigiriki lakuti barys (heavy). Chizindikiro cha chinthu chimayikidwa ngati Ba, chomwe chimatchedwabarium.

3, Thupi katundu
Bariumndi chitsulo choyera chasiliva chokhala ndi malo osungunuka a 725 ° C, malo otentha a 1846 ° C, kachulukidwe a 3.51g/cm3, ndi ductility. Mafuta akuluakulu a barium ndi barite ndi arsenopyrite.

4,Bariumndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi mankhwala.
Chizindikiro cha mankhwala Ba, nambala ya atomiki 56, ndi ya gulu la periodic system IIA ndipo ndi membala wa zitsulo zamchere zamchere. Barium imakhala ndi ntchito zambiri zamakina ndipo imagwira ntchito kwambiri pakati pa zitsulo zamchere zamchere. Kuchokera ku mphamvu ndi mphamvu ya ionization, zikhoza kuwoneka kuti barium ili ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu. M'malo mwake, ngati kungoganizira za kutayika kwa electron yoyamba, barium ili ndi mphamvu yochepetsetsa kwambiri m'madzi. Komabe, zimakhala zovuta kuti barium ataya electron yachiwiri. Choncho, poganizira zinthu zonse, kuchepetsa kwa barium kudzachepa kwambiri. Komabe, ndi imodzi mwazitsulo zogwira mtima kwambiri muzitsulo za acidic, zachiwiri kwa lithiamu, cesium, rubidium, ndi potaziyamu.

5.Main compounds
1). Barium oxide imasungunuka pang'onopang'ono mu mpweya kupanga barium oxide, yomwe ndi krubiki yopanda mtundu. Kusungunuka mu asidi, osasungunuka mu acetone ndi ammonia madzi. Imamenyana ndi madzi kupanga barium hydroxide, yomwe ndi poizoni. Ikatenthedwa, imatulutsa lawi lobiriwira ndipo imapanga barium peroxide.
2). Barium peroxide imakhudzidwa ndi sulfuric acid kupanga hydrogen peroxide. Izi zimachokera pa mfundo yokonzekera hydrogen peroxide mu labotale.
3). Barium hydroxide imakumana ndi madzi kupanga barium hydroxide ndi mpweya wa haidrojeni. Chifukwa cha kusungunuka kochepa kwa barium hydroxide ndi mphamvu yake yotsika kwambiri, zomwe sizili zolimba ngati zitsulo za alkali, ndipo zotsatira za barium hydroxide zidzasokoneza maonekedwe. A pang'ono mpweya woipa umayamba mu njira yothetsera kupanga barium carbonate mpweya, ndi owonjezera mpweya woipa ndi zina anayambitsa kupasuka barium carbonate mpweya ndi kupanga sungunuka barium bicarbonate.
4). Amino barium imatha kusungunuka mu ammonia yamadzimadzi, ndikupanga njira yabuluu yokhala ndi paramagnetism ndi ma conductivity, yomwe imapanga ma elekitironi ammonia. Pambuyo posungirako nthawi yayitali, hydrogen mu ammonia idzachepetsedwa kukhala mpweya wa haidrojeni ndi ma elekitironi a ammonia, ndipo zotsatira zake zonse ndi barium imachita ndi ammonia yamadzimadzi kuti ipange amino barium ndi mpweya wa haidrojeni.
5). Barium sulfite ndi krustalo yoyera kapena ufa, wapoizoni, wosungunuka pang'ono m'madzi, ndipo pang'onopang'ono amathiridwa mu barium sulphate akayikidwa mumlengalenga. Sungunulani mu ma asidi amphamvu osatulutsa okosijeni monga hydrochloric acid kuti apange mpweya wa sulfure dioxide wokhala ndi fungo loipa. Mukakumana ndi ma oxidizing acid monga dilute nitric acid, amatha kusinthidwa kukhala barium sulphate.
6). Barium sulphate ali khola mankhwala katundu, ndi gawo la barium sulphate kusungunuka m'madzi kwathunthu ionized, kupanga electrolyte wamphamvu. Barium sulphate sasungunuka mu nitric acid. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati m'mimba kusiyanitsa wothandizira.
Barium carbonate ndi poizoni ndipo pafupifupi wosasungunuka m'madzi ozizira. Imasungunuka pang'ono m'madzi okhala ndi mpweya woipa ndipo imasungunuka mu dilute hydrochloric acid. Imakhudzidwa ndi sodium sulphate kuti ipangitse mpweya wosasungunuka wa barium sulfate - kutembenuka kwapakati pamadzi mumadzi amadzimadzi: ndikosavuta kutembenukira kunjira yosasungunuka.

6, Minda Yofunsira
1. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zamafakitale popanga mchere wa barium, alloys, fireworks, nuclear reactors, etc. Komanso ndi deoxidizer yabwino kwambiri yoyenga mkuwa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu aloyi, kuphatikizapo lead, calcium, magnesium, sodium, lithiamu, aluminium, ndi nickel alloys. Chitsulo cha Barium chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chochotsera mpweya kuchotsa mpweya kuchokera ku machubu a vacuum ndi machubu a cathode ray, komanso degassing wothandizira zitsulo zoyenga. Barium nitrate wosakanikirana ndi potaziyamu chlorate, ufa wa magnesium, ndi rosin angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zizindikiro zoyaka ndi zozimitsa moto. Mankhwala osungunuka a barium amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo, monga barium chloride, kuwongolera tizirombo tosiyanasiyana. Itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kuyenga brine ndi madzi owiritsa kuti apange electrolytic caustic soda. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga ma pigment. Makampani opanga nsalu ndi zikopa amaugwiritsa ntchito ngati mordant komanso wopangira silika wopangira.
2. Barium sulphate kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito kuchipatala ndi mankhwala othandizira pakuwunika kwa X-ray. Ufa woyera wopanda fungo komanso wopanda kukoma, chinthu chomwe chingapereke kusiyana kwabwino m'thupi pakuwunika kwa X-ray. Medical barium sulphate si odzipereka mu m`mimba thirakiti ndipo sayambitsa thupi lawo siligwirizana. Ilibe mankhwala osungunuka a barium monga barium chloride, barium sulfide, ndi barium carbonate. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pojambula m'mimba, nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza

7, Kukonzekera njira
Kupanga kwa mafakitale azitsulo bariumlagawidwa magawo awiri: kupanga barium okusayidi ndi zitsulo kuchepetsa matenthedwe (zotayidwa matenthedwe kuchepetsa). pa 1000-1200 ℃,zitsulo bariumangapezeke mwa kuchepetsa barium okusayidi ndi zitsulo zotayidwa, ndiyeno kuyeretsedwa ndi vacuum distillation. Njira yochepetsera matenthedwe a aluminiyamu popangira zitsulo za barium: Chifukwa cha magawo osiyanasiyana azinthu, pakhoza kukhala zochitika ziwiri pakuchepetsa kwa aluminiyumu ya barium oxide. Zomwe equation ndizochita: zonse zomwe zimachitika zimatha kutulutsa barium pang'ono pa 1000-1200 ℃. Chifukwa chake, pampu ya vacuum iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusamutsa nthunzi wa barium mosalekeza kuchokera kumalo ochitirako kupita kumalo ozizira ozizira kuti zomwe zikuchitika zipitirire kumanja. Zotsalira pambuyo pochitapo kanthu ndizowopsa ndipo ziyenera kuthandizidwa musanatayidwe