Erbium, chinthu cha 68 pa tebulo la periodic.
Kupezeka kwaerbiumyodzaza ndi zokhotakhota. Mu 1787, m’tauni yaing’ono ya Itby, pamtunda wa makilomita 1.6 kuchokera ku Stockholm, Sweden, dziko latsopano losowa linapezedwa mumwala wakuda, wotchedwa yttrium earth malinga ndi malo omwe anapeza. Pambuyo pa Revolution ya ku France, katswiri wamankhwala Mossander adagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo womwe wangopangidwa kumene kuti achepetse zoyambirayttriumkuchokera ku yttrium lapansi. Panthawiyi, anthu adazindikira kuti yttrium lapansi si "gawo limodzi" ndipo adapeza ma oxide ena awiri: pinki imatchedwa.erbium okusayidi, ndipo chofiirira chowala chimatchedwa terbium oxide. Mu 1843, Mossander anapeza erbium nditerbium, koma sanakhulupirire kuti zinthu ziŵiri zimene anazipeza zinali zoyera ndipo mwina zinasakanizidwa ndi zinthu zina. Zaka makumi angapo zotsatira, anthu adazindikira pang'onopang'ono kuti panalidi zinthu zambiri zosakanikirana mmenemo, ndipo pang'onopang'ono anapeza zinthu zina zachitsulo za lanthanide pambali pa erbium ndi terbium.
Kuphunzira kwa erbium sikunali kosavuta monga momwe anapeza. Ngakhale Maussand anapeza pinki erbium oxide mu 1843, mpaka 1934 kuti zitsanzo zoyera zaerbium zitsuloadachotsedwa chifukwa chakusintha kosalekeza kwa njira zoyeretsera. Mwa kutenthetsa ndi kuyeretsaerbium kloridindi potaziyamu, anthu akwaniritsa kuchepetsa erbium ndi chitsulo potaziyamu. Ngakhale zili choncho, zinthu za erbium ndizofanana kwambiri ndi zinthu zina zachitsulo za lanthanide, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zaka pafupifupi 50 zakusakhazikika pakufufuza kofananira, monga magnetism, friction energy, ndi spark generation. Mpaka 1959, pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe apadera a 4f osanjikiza amagetsi a ma atomu a erbium m'malo owoneka bwino omwe akutuluka, erbium idakhudzidwa ndipo ntchito zingapo za erbium zidapangidwa.
Erbium, yoyera siliva, imakhala yofewa ndipo imangowonetsa ferromagnetism yamphamvu pafupi ndi ziro. Ndi superconductor ndipo pang'onopang'ono oxidized ndi mpweya ndi madzi kutentha firiji.Erbium oxidendi mtundu wofiira wa rozi womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zadothi ndipo ndi wonyezimira bwino. Erbium imakhazikika m'miyala yophulika ndipo imakhala ndi mchere wambiri kum'mwera kwa China.
Erbium ili ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino ndipo imatha kusintha infuraredi kukhala kuwala kowoneka bwino, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale chinthu chabwino kwambiri popanga zowunikira komanso zida zowonera usiku. Ndi chida chaluso pakuzindikira ma photon, chomwe chimatha kutengera mafotoni mosalekeza kudzera mumagulu enaake osangalatsa a ion mu olimba, ndikuzindikira ndikuwerengera mafotoniwa kuti apange chowunikira cha Photon. Komabe, mphamvu ya kuyamwa kwachindunji kwa ma photon ndi trivalent erbium ion sikunali kwakukulu. Sizinafike mpaka 1966 pamene asayansi anapanga makina otchedwa erbium lasers mwa kujambula mosadziwika bwino zizindikiro za kuwala kupyolera mu ma ion othandizira ndiyeno kutumiza mphamvu ku erbium.
Mfundo ya erbium laser ndi yofanana ndi ya laser holmium, koma mphamvu yake ndi yochepa kwambiri kuposa ya holmium laser. Laser ya erbium yokhala ndi kutalika kwa 2940 nanometers ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kudula minofu yofewa. Ngakhale mtundu uwu wa laser womwe uli m'chigawo chapakati cha infrared uli ndi luso lolowera movutikira, umatha kuyamwa mwachangu ndi chinyezi m'matumbo amunthu, ndikupeza zotsatira zabwino ndi mphamvu zochepa. Imatha kudula bwino, kugaya, ndi kuchotsa minyewa yofewa, kuchiritsa mabala mwachangu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa maopaleshoni a laser monga pakamwa, ng'ala yoyera, kukongola, kuchotsa zipsera, ndi kuchotsa makwinya.
Mu 1985, yunivesite ya Southampton ku UK ndi yunivesite ya kumpoto chakum'maŵa ku Japan anakwanitsa kupanga amplifier ya erbium-doped fiber. Masiku ano, Wuhan Optics Valley ku Wuhan, m'chigawo cha Hubei, China ikutha kupanga paokha erbium-doped fiber amplifier ndikutumiza ku North America, Europe, ndi malo ena. Ntchitoyi ndi imodzi mwazopanga zazikulu kwambiri pakulankhulana kwa fiber optic, bola ngati gawo lina la erbium litapangidwa ndi doped, limatha kubweza kutayika kwa ma siginecha owoneka pamakina olumikizirana. Chikukulirakulira ichi ndi chipangizo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakulankhulana kwa fiber optic, chomwe chimatha kutumiza ma siginecha owoneka popanda kufooka.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-16-2023