M'zaka zaposachedwa, mawu akuti "zosowa zapadziko lapansi", "magalimoto amphamvu zatsopano", ndi "chitukuko chophatikizana" zakhala zikuwonekera mobwerezabwereza muzofalitsa. Chifukwa chiyani? Izi makamaka chifukwa cha chidwi chowonjezereka chomwe dziko limapereka pa chitukuko cha chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi mafakitale opulumutsa mphamvu, komanso kuthekera kwakukulu kwa kuphatikiza ndi chitukuko cha zinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi m'munda wa magalimoto amagetsi atsopano. Kodi njira zinayi zazikulu zogwiritsira ntchito zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe zili m'magalimoto atsopano ndi ati?
△ Maginito osowa padziko lapansi osatha
I
Rare Earth okhazikika maginito mota
Rare earth permanent magnet motor ndi mtundu watsopano wamaginito okhazikika omwe adatuluka koyambirira kwa 1970s. Mfundo yake yogwirira ntchito ndi yofanana ndi ya injini yamagetsi yosangalatsidwa ndi ma synchronous, kupatula kuti yoyamba imagwiritsa ntchito maginito okhazikika m'malo mwa mafunde osangalatsa osangalatsa. Poyerekeza ndi ma motors othamangitsa magetsi amtundu wanthawi zonse, ma mota amagetsi osowa padziko lapansi ali ndi zabwino zambiri monga mawonekedwe osavuta, magwiridwe antchito odalirika, kakulidwe kakang'ono, kulemera kopepuka, kutayika kochepa, komanso kuchita bwino kwambiri. Komanso, mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa injiniyo imatha kupangidwa mosinthika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yamtengo wapatali pamagalimoto atsopano amphamvu. Magalimoto osowa maginito osatha padziko lapansi m'magalimoto makamaka amasintha mphamvu yamagetsi ya batri yamagetsi kukhala mphamvu yamakina, kuyendetsa injini ya flywheel kuti izungulire ndikuyambitsa injini.
II
Batire yamphamvu yapadziko lapansi yosowa
Zinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi sizingangotenga nawo gawo pokonza zida zamakono zama electrode zamabatire a lithiamu, komanso zimagwiranso ntchito ngati zida zopangira ma elekitirodi abwino a batire ya Lead-acid kapena Nickel-metal hydride batire.
Batire ya Lithium: Chifukwa cha kuwonjezeredwa kwa zinthu zapadziko lapansi, kukhazikika kwazinthuzo kumatsimikizika kwambiri, ndipo njira zamitundu itatu zakusamuka kwa lithiamu ion zimakulitsidwanso mpaka pamlingo wina. Izi zimathandiza kuti batire ya lithiamu-ion yokonzedwayo ikhale ndi kukhazikika kwapamwamba, kusinthika kwapang'onopang'ono kwa electrochemical, komanso moyo wautali wozungulira.
Batire ya asidi wotsogolera: kafukufuku wapakhomo akuwonetsa kuti kuwonjezera kwa dziko losowa kumathandizira kuwongolera mphamvu zamakomedwe, kuuma, kukana dzimbiri ndi kusintha kwa okosijeni Overpotential wa lead yochokera aloyi ya electrode mbale. Kuphatikizika kwa dziko losowa mu gawo logwira ntchito kumatha kuchepetsa kutulutsa kwa okosijeni wabwino, kupititsa patsogolo kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito bwino, motero kumapangitsa magwiridwe antchito ndi moyo wa batri.
Batire ya nickel-metal hydride: Batire ya Nickel-metal hydride ili ndi ubwino wokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, zamakono, zotulutsa bwino, komanso zosaipitsa, motero amatchedwa "green batri" ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagalimoto, zamagetsi ndi zina. Pofuna kusunga mawonekedwe othamanga kwambiri a batire ya Nickel-metal hydride pamene ikulepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa moyo wake, patent ya ku Japan yotchedwa JP2004127549 imasonyeza kuti cathode ya batri ikhoza kupangidwa ndi alloy earth magnesium nickel based hydrogen storage alloy.
△ Magalimoto amagetsi atsopano
III
Ma catalysts mu ternary catalytic converters
Monga zimadziwika bwino, si magalimoto onse atsopano omwe amatha kutulutsa mpweya wa zero, monga magalimoto amagetsi osakanizidwa ndi magalimoto amagetsi osinthika, omwe amatulutsa zinthu zina zapoizoni pakagwiritsidwe ntchito. Pofuna kuchepetsa utsi wautsi wamagalimoto awo, magalimoto ena amakakamizika kuyika zosinthira zanjira zitatu pochoka kufakitale. Pamene mpweya wotentha wagalimoto umadutsa, otembenuza njira zitatu amathandizira ntchito ya CO, HC ndi NOx mu Go kupyolera muzitsulo zoyeretsera zomwe zimapangidwira, kuti athe kumaliza Redox ndikupanga mpweya wopanda vuto, womwe umakhala wothandiza. ku chitetezo cha chilengedwe.
Chigawo chachikulu cha ternary catalyst ndi zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe sizikupezeka, zomwe zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri posungira zinthu, m'malo mwa zina mwazothandizira, ndikugwira ntchito ngati zothandizira. Dziko losowa lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa mpweya wa mchira ndi wosakaniza wa cerium oxide, praseodymium oxide ndi Lanthanum oxide, omwe ali ndi mchere wambiri wapadziko lapansi ku China.
IV
Zida Za Ceramic mu Zomverera za Oxygen
Zinthu zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi zimakhala ndi ntchito yapadera yosungiramo okosijeni chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake apadera amagetsi, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida za ceramic za masensa a okosijeni pamakina a jakisoni wamafuta amagetsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ntchito yabwinoko. Dongosolo la jakisoni wamafuta amagetsi ndi chipangizo chapamwamba chojambulira mafuta chomwe chimatengedwa ndi injini zamafuta opanda ma carburetor, opangidwa makamaka ndi zigawo zazikulu zitatu: mpweya, dongosolo lamafuta, ndi makina owongolera.
Kuphatikiza pa izi, zinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi zimakhalanso ndi mitundu ingapo yogwiritsira ntchito magawo monga magiya, matayala, ndi zitsulo zathupi. Zinganenedwe kuti maiko osowa ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pamagetsi amagetsi atsopano.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-14-2023