Zamatsenga Zosowa Padziko Lapansi: Holmium

Holmium, nambala ya atomiki 67, kulemera kwa atomiki 164.93032, dzina lachinthu lochokera ku malo obadwira wa wotulukira.

Zomwe zili muholmiummu kutumphuka ndi 0.000115%, ndipo alipo pamodzi ndi enazosowa zapadziko lapansimu monazite ndi minerals osowa padziko lapansi. Isotope yokhazikika yachilengedwe ndi holmium 165 yokha.

Holmium imakhala yokhazikika mu mpweya wouma ndipo imatulutsa okosijeni mofulumira pa kutentha kwakukulu;Holmium oxideamadziwika kuti ali ndi mphamvu zamphamvu kwambiri za paramagnetic.

Pawiri wa holmium angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chowonjezera zipangizo zatsopano ferromagnetic; Holmium iodide imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nyali zachitsulo za halide -holmium nyali, ndipo ma lasers a holmium amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri pazachipatala.

Kupeza Mbiri

Zapezeka ndi: JL Soret, PT Cleve

Anapezeka kuyambira 1878 mpaka 1879

Njira yotulukira: yopezedwa ndi JL Soret mu 1878; Anapezedwa ndi PT Cleve mu 1879

Pambuyo Mossander analekanitsa erbium lapansi nditerbiumdziko kuchokerayttriumpadziko lapansi mu 1842, akatswiri a zamankhwala ambiri adagwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kowoneka bwino kuti azindikire ndikuzindikira kuti sanali ma oxides amtundu wina, zomwe zidalimbikitsa akatswiri azamankhwala kuti apitilize kuwalekanitsa. Pambuyo kulekanitsa ytterbium okusayidi ndiscandium oxidekuchokera ku nyambo yokhala ndi okosijeni, Cliff analekanitsa ma elemental oxides awiri atsopano mu 1879. Mmodzi wa iwo amatchedwa Holmium kuti akumbukire komwe Cliff anabadwira, dzina lakale lachilatini la Holmia ku Stockholm, Sweden, ndi chizindikiro choyambirira cha Ho. Mu 1886, chinthu china chinalekanitsidwa ndi holmium ndi Bouvabadrand, koma dzina la holmium linasungidwa. Ndi kupezedwa kwa holmium ndi zinthu zina zosowa zapadziko lapansi, gawo lina la kupezedwa kwachitatu kwa zinthu zosowa padziko lapansi latha.

Kapangidwe kamagetsi:

Kapangidwe kamagetsi:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f11

Ndizitsulo zomwe, monga dysprosium, zimatha kuyamwa ma neutroni opangidwa ndi nyukiliya fission.

Mu nyukiliya ya nyukiliya, kumbali imodzi, kuyaka kosalekeza kumachitika, ndipo kumbali ina, kuthamanga kwa unyolo kumayendetsedwa.

Kufotokozera kwa Element: Mphamvu yoyamba ya ionization ndi 6.02 ma electron volts. Kuwala kwachitsulo. Ikhoza kuchitapo kanthu pang'onopang'ono ndi madzi ndikusungunula mu ma asidi osungunuka. Mchere ndi wachikasu. The okusayidi Ho2O2 ndi kuwala wobiriwira. Sungunulani mu mineral acids kuti mupange trivalent ion yellow salt.

Gwero la chinthu: lokonzedwa ndi kuchepetsa holmium fluoride HoF3 · 2H2O ndi calcium.

Chitsulo

Holmium ndi siliva woyera chitsulo ndi kapangidwe zofewa ndi ductility; Malo osungunuka 1474 ° C, kuwira 2695 ° C, kachulukidwe 8.7947 g/cm holmium mita ³ .

Holmium imakhala yokhazikika mu mpweya wouma ndipo imatulutsa okosijeni mofulumira pa kutentha kwakukulu; Holmium oxide imadziwika kuti ili ndi mphamvu zamphamvu kwambiri za paramagnetic.

Kupeza mankhwala omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zowonjezera pazinthu zatsopano za ferromagnetic; Holmium iodide yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nyali zachitsulo za halide - nyali za holmium

Kugwiritsa ntchito

(1) Monga chowonjezera cha nyali zachitsulo za halide, nyali zachitsulo za halide ndi mtundu wa nyali zotulutsa mpweya zomwe zimapangidwa pamaziko a nyali zamphamvu kwambiri za mercury, zomwe zimadziwika ndi kudzaza babu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yapadziko lapansi. Pakadali pano, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu ndi ayodini wapadziko lapansi osowa, omwe amatulutsa mitundu yowoneka bwino pakutulutsa mpweya. Chogwiritsidwa ntchito mu nyali za holmium ndi holmium iodide, yomwe imatha kukwaniritsa kuchuluka kwa maatomu achitsulo mu arc zone, kuwongolera kwambiri mphamvu ya radiation.

(2) Holmium ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chowonjezera chachitsulo cha yttrium kapena yttrium aluminium garnet.

(3) Ho: YAG doped yttrium aluminium garnet ikhoza kutulutsa 2 μ M laser, minofu yaumunthu pa 2 μ Mlingo wa kuyamwa kwa m laser ndi wapamwamba, pafupifupi maulamuliro atatu apamwamba kuposa a Hd: YAG. Chifukwa chake mukamagwiritsa ntchito Ho: YAG laser pakuchita opaleshoni yachipatala, sikuti kuchita bwino kwa opaleshoniyo komanso kulondola kungawongoleredwe, komanso malo owonongeka amafuta amatha kuchepetsedwa kukhala ochepa. Mtengo waulere wopangidwa ndi makhiristo a holmium amatha kuchotsa mafuta osatulutsa kutentha kwambiri, potero amachepetsa kuwonongeka kwamafuta athanzi. Akuti chithandizo cha laser cha holmium cha glaucoma ku United States chingachepetse ululu wa odwala ochitidwa opaleshoni. China 2 μ Mulingo wa ma kristalo a laser wafika pamlingo wapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo kuyesetsa kukulitsa ndi kupanga mtundu uwu wa kristalo wa laser.

(4) Mu magnetostrictive aloyi Terfenol D, pang'ono holmium akhoza kuonjezedwa kuchepetsa munda kunja chofunika machulukitsidwe maginito a aloyi.

(5) Kugwiritsa ntchito holmium doped fiber kumatha kupanga zida zoyankhulirana zowoneka bwino monga ma fiber lasers, ma fiber amplifiers, ndi masensa a fiber, omwe amathandizira kwambiri pakukula mwachangu kwa kulumikizana kwa fiber optic masiku ano.

(6) Tekinoloje ya Holmium laser lithotripsy: Medical holmium laser lithotripsy ndiyoyenera miyala ya impso zolimba, miyala ya ureteral, ndi miyala ya chikhodzodzo yomwe singathyoledwe ndi extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a holmium laser lithotripsy, ulusi wowonda wa laser yachipatala ya holmium umagwiritsidwa ntchito kufika mwachindunji chikhodzodzo, ureter, ndi miyala ya impso kudzera mu mkodzo ndi ureter kudzera mu cystoscope ndi ureteroscope. Kenako, akatswiri a urology amagwiritsa ntchito laser holmium kuti athyole miyalayo. Ubwino wa njira yochizira laser ya holmium ndikuti imatha kuthetsa miyala ya ureter, miyala ya chikhodzodzo, ndi miyala yambiri ya impso. Choyipa chake ndi chakuti miyala ina yam'mwamba ndi yapansi yaimpso, pangakhale miyala yotsalira yochepa chifukwa cha kulephera kwa holmium laser fiber yomwe imalowa kuchokera mu ureter kufika pamalo a miyala.