Praseodymiumndi chinthu chachitatu chochuluka kwambiri cha lanthanide mu tebulo la periodic la zinthu zamankhwala, ndi kuchuluka kwa 9.5 ppm mu kutumphuka, kutsika kokha kuposacerium, yttrium,lanthanum,ndiscandium. Ndi chinthu chachisanu chomwe chili chochuluka kwambiri m'mayiko osowa. Koma monga dzina lake,praseodymiumndi chiwalo chosavuta komanso chosakongoletsedwa cha banja losowa padziko lapansi.
CF Auer Von Welsbach anapeza praseodymium mu 1885.
Mu 1751, katswiri wa mineralogist waku Sweden Axel Fredrik Cronstedt adapeza mchere wolemera m'dera lamigodi la Bastn äs, lomwe pambuyo pake linatchedwa cerite. Zaka makumi atatu pambuyo pake, Vilhelm Hisinger wazaka khumi ndi zisanu wa kubanja lomwe anali ndi mgodiwo adatumiza zitsanzo zake kwa Carl Scheele, koma sanapeze zatsopano. Mu 1803, Singer atakhala wosula zitsulo, adabwerera kudera la migodi ndi J ö ns Jacob Berzelius ndipo analekanitsa oxide yatsopano, dziko laling'ono la Ceres, lomwe adapeza zaka ziwiri zapitazo. Ceria analekanitsidwa paokha ndi Martin Heinrich Klaproth ku Germany.
Pakati pa 1839 ndi 1843, dokotala wa opaleshoni wa ku Sweden ndi katswiri wa sayansi Carl Gustaf Mosander anapeza kuticerium oxidechinali chisakanizo cha oxides. Analekanitsa ma oxide ena aŵiri, amene anawatcha lanthana ndi didymia “didymia” (kutanthauza “mapasa” m’Chigiriki). Iye anawola pang'onocerium nitratechitsanzo powotcha mu mlengalenga, ndiyeno amawachitira ndi kuchepetsa nitric acid kuti apeze okusayidi. Choncho zitsulo zomwe zimapanga ma oxides zimatchedwalanthanumndipraseodymium.
Mu 1885, CF Auer Von Welsbach, Austrian amene anapanga thorium cerium nthunzi nyali yopyapyala chivundikirocho, bwinobwino analekanitsa "praseodymium neodymium", "conjoined mapasa", kumene wobiriwira praseodymium mchere ndi duwa mtundu neodymium mchere analekanitsidwa ndipo anatsimikiza kukhala. zinthu ziwiri zatsopano. Limodzi limatchedwa "Praseodymium", lomwe limachokera ku liwu lachi Greek prason, kutanthauza pawiri wobiriwira chifukwa yankho la madzi amchere a praseodymium lidzapereka mtundu wobiriwira wobiriwira; Chinthu chinacho chimatchedwa "Neodymium“. Kulekanitsidwa bwino kwa "mapasa ophatikizana" kunawathandiza kusonyeza luso lawo paokha.
Silver white metal, soft and ductile. Praseodymium ili ndi mawonekedwe a kristalo a hexagonal kutentha. Kukana kwa dzimbiri mumlengalenga kumakhala kolimba kuposa lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, ndi europium, koma ikawululidwa ndi mpweya, wosanjikiza wakuda wakuda wa okusayidi amapangidwa, ndipo chitsulo cha praseodymium centimita imodzi chimawononga kwathunthu mkati mwa chaka.
Monga ambirizosowa zapadziko lapansi, praseodymium ndiyotheka kupanga +3 oxidation state, yomwe ili yokhayo yomwe imakhala yokhazikika pamayankho amadzi. Praseodymium ilipo mu +4 oxidation state muzinthu zina zolimba zodziwika bwino, ndipo pansi pamikhalidwe yolekanitsa ya matrix, imatha kufikira gawo lapadera la +5 oxidation pakati pa zinthu za lanthanide.
The aqueous praseodymium ion ndi chartreuse, ndipo ntchito zambiri zamafakitale za praseodymium zimaphatikizapo kuthekera kwake kusefa kuwala kwachikasu poyambira kuwala.
Praseodymium electronic layout
Kutulutsa kwamagetsi:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p66s2 4f3
Ma electron 59 a praseodymium amasanjidwa ngati [Xe] 4f36s2. Mwachidziwitso, ma elekitironi onse asanu akunja angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati ma elekitironi a valence, koma kugwiritsa ntchito ma elekitironi asanu akunja kumafuna mikhalidwe yoipitsitsa. Nthawi zambiri, praseodymium imangotulutsa ma elekitironi atatu kapena anayi m'magulu ake. Praseodymium ndiye chinthu choyamba cha lanthanide chokhala ndi kasinthidwe kamagetsi komwe kumagwirizana ndi mfundo ya Aufbau. 4f orbital yake imakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa kuposa 5d orbital, yomwe siigwiritsidwe ntchito ku lanthanum ndi cerium, chifukwa kugunda kwadzidzidzi kwa 4f orbital sikuchitika mpaka pambuyo pa lanthanum ndipo sikukwanira kuti musatenge chipolopolo cha 5d mu cerium. Komabe, praseodymium yolimba imawonetsa [Xe] 4f25d16s2 kasinthidwe, pomwe elekitironi imodzi mu chipolopolo cha 5d imafanana ndi zinthu zina zonse za trivalent lanthanide (kupatula europium ndi ytterbium, zomwe zimasiyana m'maiko azitsulo).
Monga zinthu zambiri za lanthanide, praseodymium nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito ma elekitironi atatu okha monga ma elekitironi a valence, ndipo ma elekitironi otsala a 4f amakhala ndi mphamvu yomangiriza: izi ndichifukwa choti njira ya 4f imadutsa pakati pa xenon core ya electron kuti ifike pamphuno, ndikutsatiridwa ndi 5d ndi 6s. , ndikuwonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mtengo wa ionic. Komabe, praseodymium akhoza kupitiriza kutaya wachinayi ndipo ngakhale nthawi zina wachisanu valence elekitironi, chifukwa zikuoneka oyambirira kwambiri mu dongosolo lanthanide, kumene nyukiliya mlandu akadali otsika mokwanira, ndi 4f subshell mphamvu ndi mkulu mokwanira kulola kuchotsa ma elekitironi ambiri.
Praseodymium ndi zinthu zonse za lanthanide (kupatulapolanthanum, ytterbiumndilutetium, palibe ma elekitironi osakanikirana a 4f) ndi paramagnetism pa kutentha. Mosiyana ndi zitsulo zina zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimawonetsa antiferromagnetic kapena ferromagnetic kuyitanitsa kutentha pang'ono, praseodymium ndi paramagnetism pamatenthedwe onse opitilira 1K.
Kugwiritsa ntchito Praseodymium
Praseodymium imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati nthaka yosakanizika yachilendo, monga kuyeretsa ndikusintha zinthu zachitsulo, zopangira mankhwala, nthaka yazaulimi, ndi zina zotero.Praseodymium neodymiumndi ofanana kwambiri komanso ovuta kusiyanitsa mitundu iwiri ya zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe ndizovuta kuzilekanitsa ndi njira zama mankhwala. Kupanga mafakitale nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsa ntchito njira zochotsera ndi kusinthanitsa ion. Ngati agwiritsidwa ntchito pawiri mu mawonekedwe a praseodymium neodymium yowonjezera, kufanana kwawo kungagwiritsidwe ntchito mokwanira, ndipo mtengo wake ndi wotsika mtengo kusiyana ndi chinthu chimodzi.
Praseodymium neodymium aloyi(praseodymium neodymium zitsulo)chakhala chodziyimira pawokha, chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zinthu zonse za maginito okhazikika komanso chowonjezera chosinthira ma aloyi achitsulo omwe si achitsulo. Zochita, kusankha komanso kukhazikika kwa chothandizira chamafuta amafuta kumatha kupitilizidwa ndikuwonjezera praseodymium neodymium mu Y zeolite molecular sieve. Monga chowonjezera chowonjezera cha pulasitiki, kuwonjezera praseodymium neodymium enrichment ku polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) kumatha kusintha kwambiri kukana kwa PTFE.
Dziko lapansi losowaZida za maginito okhazikika ndi gawo lodziwika kwambiri la ntchito zapadziko lapansi masiku ano. Praseodymium yokhayo siyabwino kwambiri ngati maginito okhazikika, koma ndi chinthu chabwino kwambiri chomwe chimatha kusintha maginito. Kuonjezera kuchuluka koyenera kwa praseodymium kumatha kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito azinthu zamaginito okhazikika. Ithanso kusintha magwiridwe antchito a antioxidant (kukana kwa corrosion air) ndi makina amakina amagetsi, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi ndi ma mota.
Praseodymium itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito popera ndi kupukuta zida. Monga ife tonse tikudziwa, koyera cerium zochokera kupukuta ufa nthawi zambiri kuwala chikasu, amene ndi apamwamba kupukuta zinthu magalasi kuwala, ndipo m'malo chitsulo okusayidi ufa wofiira amene ali otsika kupukuta bwino ndi kuipitsa chilengedwe kupanga. Anthu apeza kuti praseodymium ili ndi zinthu zabwino zopukutira. Pakafukufuku wapadziko lapansi wosawerengeka wokhala ndi praseodymium adzawoneka wofiira wofiira, womwe umatchedwanso "ufa wofiira", koma mtundu wofiira uwu siwofiira wachitsulo wa okusayidi, koma chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa praseodymium oxide, mtundu wa osowa padziko lapansi kupukuta ufa umakhala mdima. Praseodymium yagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chinthu chatsopano chopera kuti apange mawilo opera a corundum okhala ndi praseodymium. Poyerekeza ndi aluminiyamu woyera, kuchita bwino komanso kulimba kumatha kupitilira 30% popera chitsulo chopangidwa ndi mpweya, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, ndi ma aloyi otentha kwambiri. Pofuna kuchepetsa ndalama, zida zowonjezera za praseodymium neodymium zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira kale, motero dzina lakuti praseodymium neodymium corundum grinding wheel.
Makhiristo a silicate okhala ndi ma praseodymium ions akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kuyatsa mpaka mita mazana angapo pamphindikati.
Kuonjezera praseodymium oxide ku zirconium silicate kumasanduka achikasu chowala ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati ceramic pigment - praseodymium yellow. Praseodymium yellow (Zr02-Pr6Oll-Si02) imatengedwa kuti ndi yabwino kwambiri yachikasu ya ceramic pigment, yomwe imakhalabe yokhazikika mpaka 1000 ℃ ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi imodzi kapena kuwotchanso.
Praseodymium imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati utoto wagalasi, wokhala ndi mitundu yolemera komanso msika wabwino kwambiri. Zopangira magalasi obiriwira a Praseodymium okhala ndi zobiriwira zobiriwira za leek ndi mitundu yobiriwira ya scallion zitha kupangidwa, zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zosefera zobiriwira komanso zamagalasi zaluso ndi zamisiri. Kuwonjezera praseodymium okusayidi ndi cerium okusayidi pa galasi angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati magalasi magalasi kuwotcherera. Praseodymium sulfide itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati utoto wobiriwira wa pulasitiki.
Nthawi yotumiza: May-29-2023