Terbiumali m'gulu la heavymayiko osowa, ndi kuchuluka kochepa mu kutumphuka kwa Dziko lapansi pa 1.1 ppm yokha. Terbium oxide imapanga zosakwana 0.01% za dziko lonse losowa. Ngakhale mumtundu wa yttrium ion wolemera kwambiri wapadziko lapansi wosowa kwambiri wokhala ndi terbium kwambiri, zomwe zili mu terbium zimangotengera 1.1-1.2% ya dziko lapansi losowa, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti ili m'gulu la "zolemekezeka" lazinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi. Kwa zaka zopitilira 100 kuyambira pomwe terbium idapezeka mu 1843, kusowa kwake komanso kufunika kwake kwalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwanthawi yayitali. Ndi zaka 30 zapitazi pomwe terbium yawonetsa talente yake yapadera.
Kupeza Mbiri
Katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Sweden Carl Gustaf Mosander anapeza terbium mu 1843. Anapeza zonyansa zake muYttrium (III) oxidendiY2O3. Yttrium imatchedwa mudzi wa Ytterby ku Sweden. Asanatuluke ukadaulo wosinthira ion, terbium sinapatulidwe mu mawonekedwe ake oyera.
Mosant adagawa oxide ya Yttrium(III) m'magawo atatu, onse otchedwa ores: Yttrium(III) oxide,Erbium (III) oxide, ndi terbium oxide. Terbium oxide poyambirira idapangidwa ndi gawo la pinki, chifukwa cha element yomwe tsopano imadziwika kuti erbium. "Erbium(III) oxide" (kuphatikiza yomwe tsopano timatcha terbium) poyamba inali gawo lopanda mtundu mu yankho. The insoluble oxide wa chinthu ichi amaonedwa bulauni.
Pambuyo pake antchito sakanatha kuwona "Erbium(III) oxide" yopanda mtundu, koma gawo la pinki losungunuka silinanyalanyazidwe. Mikangano yokhudza kukhalapo kwa Erbium(III) oxide yabuka mobwerezabwereza. Mu chisokonezo, dzina loyambirira linasinthidwa ndipo kusinthana kwa mayina kunakhazikika, kotero kuti gawo la pinki potsirizira pake linatchulidwa ngati yankho lomwe lili ndi erbium (mu yankho, linali pinki). Tsopano akukhulupirira kuti ogwira ntchito amene amagwiritsa sodium bisulfate kapena Potaziyamu sulphate kutengaCerium (IV) oxidekuchokera ku Yttrium(III) okusayidi ndikusandutsa terbium mosadziwa kukhala dothi lomwe lili ndi cerium. Pafupifupi 1% yokha ya Yttrium(III) oxide yoyambirira, yomwe tsopano imadziwika kuti "terbium", ndiyokwanira kutulutsa mtundu wachikasu kupita ku Yttrium(III) oxide. Chifukwa chake, terbium ndi gawo lachiwiri lomwe lidali nalo poyamba, ndipo limayendetsedwa ndi oyandikana nawo, gadolinium ndi dysprosium.
Pambuyo pake, nthawi zonse pamene zinthu zina zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka zimalekanitsidwa ndi kusakaniza kumeneku, mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwa okusayidi, dzina la terbium linkasungidwa mpaka potsirizira pake, okusayidi wa bulauni wa terbium unapezedwa mwangwiro. Ofufuza m'zaka za m'ma 1800 sanagwiritse ntchito teknoloji ya ultraviolet fluorescence kuti ayang'ane tinthu tating'onoting'ono tachikasu kapena tobiriwira (III), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuti terbium izindikirike muzosakaniza zolimba kapena zothetsera.
Kukonzekera kwamagetsi
Masinthidwe amagetsi:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f9
Kusintha kwa Electron kwa terbium ndi [Xe] 6s24f9. Nthawi zambiri, ma elekitironi atatu okha akhoza kuchotsedwa mlandu wa nyukiliya usanakhale waukulu kwambiri kuti uwonjezere ionized, koma pankhani ya terbium, terbium yodzaza theka imalola electron yachinayi kukhala ionized pamaso pa okosijeni amphamvu kwambiri monga mpweya wa fluorine.
Terbium ndi chitsulo choyera cha siliva chosowa padziko lapansi chokhala ndi ductility, kulimba, ndi kufewa komwe kumatha kudulidwa ndi mpeni. Malo osungunuka 1360 ℃, malo otentha 3123 ℃, osalimba 8229 4kg/m3. Poyerekeza ndi Lanthanide yoyambirira, imakhala yokhazikika mumlengalenga. Monga gawo lachisanu ndi chinayi la Lanthanide, terbium ndi chitsulo chokhala ndi magetsi amphamvu. Imachita ndi madzi kupanga haidrojeni.
M'chilengedwe, terbium sichinapezekepo kuti ndi chinthu chaulere, chochepa chomwe chilipo mu mchenga wa phosphocerium thorium ndi Gadolinite. Terbium imakhala ndi zinthu zina zapadziko lapansi zomwe sizipezeka mumchenga wa monazite, zomwe zimakhala ndi 0.03% terbium. Magwero ena ndi Xenotime ndi ore wakuda wakuda wagolide, onse omwe ndi osakaniza a oxides ndipo amakhala ndi 1% terbium.
Kugwiritsa ntchito
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa terbium makamaka kumakhudza magawo apamwamba kwambiri, omwe ali ndi luso lamakono komanso mapulojekiti odziwa zambiri, komanso mapulojekiti omwe ali ndi phindu lalikulu lachuma, omwe ali ndi chiyembekezo chotukuka.
Magawo akuluakulu ogwiritsira ntchito ndi awa:
(1) Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nthaka. Mwachitsanzo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza wosowa padziko lapansi komanso zowonjezera zaulimi.
(2) Woyambitsa wa ufa wobiriwira mu ufa atatu woyambirira wa fulorosenti. Zipangizo zamakono za optoelectronic zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu itatu yofunikira ya phosphors, yofiira, yobiriwira, ndi yabuluu, yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ndipo terbium ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pamafuta ambiri apamwamba obiriwira fulorosenti.
(3) Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati magneto kuwala kosungirako zinthu. Mafilimu a Amorphous metal terbium transition metal alloy aloyi agwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma magneto-optical discs apamwamba kwambiri.
(4) Kupanga magalasi owoneka bwino a maginito. Magalasi ozungulira a Faraday okhala ndi terbium ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga ma rotator, ma isolator, ndi ma circulator muukadaulo wa laser.
(5) Kukula ndi chitukuko cha terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive aloyi (TerFenol) watsegula ntchito zatsopano terbium.
Zaulimi ndi kuweta ziweto
Rare earth terbium imatha kupititsa patsogolo mbewu komanso kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa photosynthesis mkati mwa magawo ena. Malo a Terbium ali ndi zochitika zambiri zamoyo. Ternary complexes of terbium, Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3 · 3H2O, ali ndi zotsatira zabwino za antibacterial ndi bactericidal pa Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis ndi Escherichia coli. Iwo ali yotakata antibacterial sipekitiramu. Kufufuza kwazinthu zoterezi kumapereka njira yatsopano yofufuzira mankhwala amakono a bactericidal.
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'munda wa luminescence
Zipangizo zamakono za optoelectronic zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu itatu yofunikira ya phosphors, yofiira, yobiriwira, ndi yabuluu, yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ndipo terbium ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pamafuta ambiri apamwamba obiriwira fulorosenti. Ngati kubadwa kwa osowa dziko lapansi mtundu TV wofiira fulorosenti ufa kwalimbikitsa kufunika kwa yttrium ndi europium, ndiye ntchito ndi chitukuko cha terbium akhala akulimbikitsidwa ndi osowa lapansi atatu oyambirira mtundu wobiriwira fulorosenti ufa nyali. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, Philips adapanga nyali yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi yopulumutsa mphamvu ya fulorosenti ndikuilimbikitsa padziko lonse lapansi. Tb3 + ions imatha kutulutsa kuwala kobiriwira ndi kutalika kwa 545nm, ndipo pafupifupi ma phosphor obiriwira obiriwira amtundu uliwonse amagwiritsa ntchito terbium ngati cholumikizira.
Phosphor wobiriwira wa mtundu wa TV cathode ray chubu (CRT) wakhala akuchokera pa Zinc sulfide, yomwe ndi yotsika mtengo komanso yothandiza, koma ufa wa terbium wakhala ukugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati phosphor wobiriwira wa mtundu wa TV, kuphatikizapo Y2SiO5 ∶ Tb3+, Y3 ( Al, Ga) 5O12 ∶ Tb3+ndi LaOBr ∶ Tb3+. Ndi chitukuko cha kanema wawayilesi wapamwamba kwambiri (HDTV), ufa wobiriwira wobiriwira wobiriwira wa CRTs ukupangidwanso. Mwachitsanzo, ufa wosakanizidwa wobiriwira wa fulorosenti wapangidwa kunja, wopangidwa ndi Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3 +, LaOCl: Tb3 +, ndi Y2SiO5: Tb3 +, omwe ali ndi luminescence bwino kwambiri pa mphamvu zamakono zamakono.
Mwachikhalidwe cha X-ray fulorescent ufa ndi calcium tungstate. M'zaka za m'ma 1970 ndi 1980, ma phosphors osowa padziko lapansi kuti awonjezere zowonetsera anapangidwa, monga terbium activated sulfure Lanthanum oxide, terbium activated bromine Lanthanum oxide (kwa zowonetsera zobiriwira), terbium activated sulfure Yttrium(III) oxide, ndi zina zotero. osowa lapansi fulorosenti ufa akhoza kuchepetsa nthawi ya Kuwunikira kwa X-ray kwa odwala ndi 80%, kumapangitsa kuti mafilimu a X-ray athe kusintha, kuwonjezera moyo wa machubu a X-ray, ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Terbium amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati fulorosenti ufa activator kwa mankhwala X-ray kuwongola zowonetsera, amene kwambiri kusintha tilinazo X-ray kutembenuka mu zithunzi kuwala, kusintha kumveka kwa X-ray mafilimu, ndi kuchepetsa kwambiri kukhudzana mlingo X- kuwala kwa thupi la munthu (kuposa 50%).
Terbium imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati cholumikizira mu phosphor yoyera ya LED yokondwa ndi kuwala kwabuluu pakuwunikira kwatsopano kwa semiconductor. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga terbium aluminium magneto optical crystal phosphors, pogwiritsa ntchito ma diode otulutsa buluu ngati magwero owunikira, ndipo fluorescence yopangidwa imasakanizidwa ndi kuwala kosangalatsa kutulutsa kuwala koyera koyera.
Zida za electroluminescent zopangidwa ndi terbium makamaka zikuphatikizapo Zinc sulfide green phosphor ndi terbium monga activator. Pansi pa kuwala kwa ultraviolet, ma organic complexes a terbium amatha kutulutsa fluorescence yobiriwira ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati filimu yopyapyala yama electroluminescent. Ngakhale kuti kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwachitika pa kafukufuku wa mafilimu osowa padziko lapansi a electroluminescent osowa padziko lapansi, pali kusiyana kwina kuchokera ku zochitika zenizeni, ndipo kafukufuku wa mafilimu osowa kwambiri padziko lapansi a electroluminescent ndi zipangizo zoonda akadali zozama.
Makhalidwe a fluorescence a terbium amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati ma probes fluorescence. Mwachitsanzo, Ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) fluorescence probe idagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza mgwirizano wa Ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) complex ndi DNA (DNA) ndi fluorescence spectrum ndi mayamwidwe sipekitiramu, kusonyeza kuti Ofloxacin Tb3+ probe akhoza kupanga molekyulu yomanga DNA, ndi DNA akhoza kwambiri kukulitsa fluorescence wa Njira ya Ofloxacin Tb3 +. Malingana ndi kusintha kumeneku, DNA ikhoza kutsimikiziridwa.
Kwa magneto kuwala kwa zipangizo
Zida zokhala ndi Faraday effect, zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti magneto-optical materials, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu lasers ndi zipangizo zina zowunikira. Pali mitundu iwiri yodziwika bwino ya zida zowoneka bwino za magneto: maginito optical crystals ndi magneto optical glass. Pakati pawo, makristasi a magneto-optical (monga Yttrium iron garnet ndi terbium gallium garnet) ali ndi ubwino wa maulendo osinthika osinthika komanso kukhazikika kwapamwamba kwa kutentha, koma ndi okwera mtengo komanso ovuta kupanga. Kuphatikiza apo, makristasi ambiri a magneto-optical okhala ndi ngodya yayikulu yozungulira ya Faraday amakhala ndi mayamwidwe apamwamba pamafunde amfupi, omwe amalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo. Poyerekeza ndi maginito optical crystals, maginito kuwala galasi ali ndi ubwino transmittance mkulu ndipo n'zosavuta kupanga midadada lalikulu kapena ulusi. Pakali pano, magalasi a magneto-optical omwe ali ndi mphamvu ya Faraday kwambiri ndi magalasi osowa kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito posungira zinthu za magneto Optical
M'zaka zaposachedwa, ndikukula kwachangu kwa ma multimedia ndi automation ya ofesi, kufunikira kwa ma discs apamwamba kwambiri akuwonjezeka. Mafilimu a Amorphous metal terbium transition metal alloy akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma discs owoneka bwino kwambiri a magneto-optical. Pakati pawo, TbFeCo aloyi woonda filimu ali ndi ntchito yabwino. Zida za Terbium zochokera ku magneto-optical zapangidwa pamlingo waukulu, ndipo ma magneto-optical discs opangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zigawo zosungirako makompyuta, ndi mphamvu zosungirako zowonjezera nthawi 10-15. Iwo ali ndi ubwino wa mphamvu yaikulu ndi mofulumira kupeza liwiro, ndipo akhoza misozi ndi TACHIMATA zikwi makumi a nthawi pamene ntchito mkulu-kachulukidwe kuwala zimbale. Ndizinthu zofunikira muukadaulo wosungira zidziwitso zamagetsi. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi magneto-optical material mumagulu owoneka ndi pafupi ndi infrared ndi Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) crystal imodzi, yomwe ndi yabwino kwambiri ya magneto-optical material popanga Faraday rotator ndi isolator.
Kwa galasi la magneto Optical
Galasi la Faraday magneto Optical lili ndi kuwonekera bwino komanso isotropy m'malo owoneka bwino komanso owoneka bwino, ndipo imatha kupanga mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana ovuta. Ndizosavuta kupanga zinthu zazikuluzikulu ndipo zimatha kukokedwa mu ulusi wamagetsi. Chifukwa chake, ili ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri pazida zowoneka bwino za magneto monga ma magneto optical isolator, ma magneto optical modulators, ndi masensa apano a fiber optic. Chifukwa cha mphindi yake yayikulu ya maginito komanso mayamwidwe ang'onoang'ono pamawonekedwe owoneka ndi ma infrared, ma ma ion a Tb3 + akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lapansi m'magalasi a magneto Optical.
Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, ndi kuzama kwa kusintha kwa sayansi ndi zamakono padziko lonse lapansi, Earth Rare Earth Applied Materials ikuwonekera mofulumira. Mu 1984, Iowa State University of United States, Ames Laboratory ya United States Department of Energy of the United States ndi US Navy Surface Weapons Research Center (ogwira ntchito wamkulu wa American Edge Technology Company (ET REMA) adachokera. pakati) pamodzi adapanga zida zatsopano zamtundu wa Earth Smart, zomwe ndi terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material. Zatsopano za Smart izi zili ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri osinthira mphamvu zamagetsi mwachangu kukhala mphamvu zamakina. Ma transducers apansi pamadzi ndi ma electro-acoustic opangidwa ndi chimphona chachikulu cha magnetostrictive ichi adakonzedwa bwino mu zida zapamadzi, olankhula ozindikira bwino mafuta, makina owongolera phokoso ndi kugwedezeka, komanso kufufuza kwanyanja ndi njira zoyankhulirana zapansi panthaka. Chifukwa chake, terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material itangobadwa, idalandira chidwi chofala kuchokera kumayiko otukuka padziko lonse lapansi. Edge Technologies ku United States anayamba kupanga terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials mu 1989 ndipo anazitcha Terfenol D. Kenako, Sweden, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, ndi Australia anapanganso terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials.
Kuchokera m'mbiri ya chitukuko cha nkhaniyi ku United States, kupangidwa kwa zinthuzo ndi ntchito zake zoyambirira za monopolistic zimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi makampani ankhondo (monga asilikali apanyanja). Ngakhale madipatimenti ankhondo ndi chitetezo aku China akulimbitsa pang'onopang'ono kumvetsetsa kwawo kwa nkhaniyi. Komabe, pambuyo poti China Comprehensive National Power ichulukirachulukira, zofunikira pakukwaniritsa njira yopikisana yankhondo m'zaka za zana la 21 ndikuwongolera zida zankhondo zidzakhala mwachangu kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kofala kwa terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials ndi madipatimenti ankhondo ndi chitetezo cha dziko kudzakhala kofunikira m'mbiri.
Mwachidule, zinthu zabwino zambiri za terbium zimapangitsa kuti ikhale membala wofunikira pazida zambiri zogwirira ntchito komanso malo osasinthika m'magawo ena ogwiritsira ntchito. Komabe, chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwa terbium, anthu akhala akuphunzira momwe angapewere ndi kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito terbium kuti achepetse ndalama zopangira. Mwachitsanzo, zosowa zapadziko lapansi za magneto-optical ziyeneranso kugwiritsa ntchito zotsika mtengo za dysprosium iron cobalt kapena gadolinium terbium cobalt momwe zingathere; Yesetsani kuchepetsa zomwe zili mu terbium mu ufa wobiriwira wa fulorosenti womwe uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mtengo wakhala chinthu chofunikira choletsa kufalikira kwa terbium. Koma zipangizo zambiri zogwirira ntchito sizingathe kuchita popanda izo, choncho tiyenera kumamatira ku mfundo ya "kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chabwino pa tsamba" ndikuyesera kupulumutsa kugwiritsa ntchito terbium momwe tingathere.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-05-2023