Zamatsenga Zosowa Padziko Lapansi: Terbium

Terbiumali m'gulu la zolemera zosowa zapadziko lapansi, zokhala ndi kutsika kwapadziko lapansi kwa 1.1 ppm.Terbium oxideamawerengera zosakwana 0.01% za dziko losowa padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale mumtundu wa yttrium ion wolemera kwambiri wapadziko lapansi wosowa kwambiri wokhala ndi terbium wambiri, zomwe zili mu terbium zimangotengera 1.1-1.2% ya ore onse.dziko losowa, kusonyeza kuti ili m’gulu la “olemekezeka” ladziko losowazinthu. Kwa zaka zopitilira 100 kuyambira pomwe terbium idapezeka mu 1843, kusowa kwake komanso kufunika kwake kwalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwanthawi yayitali. Ndi zaka 30 zokha zapitazoterbiumwasonyeza luso lake lapadera.

Kupeza Mbiri

Katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Sweden Carl Gustaf Mosander anapeza terbium mu 1843. Anatulukira zonyansa zake muyttrium oxidendiY2O3. Yttriumadatchedwa mudzi wa Itby ku Sweden. Asanatuluke ukadaulo wosinthira ion, terbium sinapatulidwe mu mawonekedwe ake oyera.

Mossander adagawanika koyambayttrium oxidemagawo atatu, onse otchedwa ores:yttrium oxide, erbium okusayidi,nditerbium oxide. Terbium oxidepoyamba lidapangidwa ndi gawo la pinki, chifukwa cha chinthu chomwe tsopano chimadziwika kutierbium. Erbium oxide(kuphatikiza yomwe tsopano timatcha terbium) poyambirira inali gawo lopanda utoto la yankho. The insoluble oxide wa chinthu ichi amaonedwa bulauni.

Pambuyo pake antchito adaziwona kukhala zovuta kuwona zazing'ono zopanda mtundu "erbium okusayidi", koma gawo la pinki losungunuka silinganyalanyazidwe. Mtsutso pa kukhalapo kwaerbium okusayidizatulukira mobwerezabwereza. Mu chisokonezo, dzina loyambirira linasinthidwa ndipo kusinthana kwa mayina kunakhazikika, kotero kuti gawo la pinki potsirizira pake linatchulidwa ngati yankho lomwe lili ndi erbium (mu yankho, linali pinki). Tsopano akukhulupirira kuti ogwira ntchito sodium disulfide kapena potaziyamu sulphate kuchotsa cerium dioxide kuyttrium oxidetembenukani mosadziwaterbiummu cerium wokhala ndi mpweya. Panopa amadziwika kuti 'terbium', pafupifupi 1% yokha ya choyambirirayttrium oxideilipo, koma izi ndizokwanira kufalitsa mtundu wachikasu wopepuka kuyttrium oxide. Chifukwa chake,terbiumndi gawo lachiwiri lomwe linali nalo poyamba, ndipo limayendetsedwa ndi oyandikana nawo,gadoliniumndidysprosium.

Pambuyo pake, nthawi zonsedziko losowazinthu zidalekanitsidwa ndi kusakaniza uku, mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwa okusayidi, dzina la terbium lidasungidwa mpaka pamapeto pake, brown oxide yaterbiumanapezedwa mwangwiro mawonekedwe. Ofufuza m'zaka za m'ma 1800 sanagwiritse ntchito teknoloji ya ultraviolet fluorescence kuti ayang'ane tinthu tating'onoting'ono tachikasu kapena tobiriwira (III), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuti terbium izindikirike muzosakaniza zolimba kapena zothetsera.

Kukonzekera kwamagetsi

Kapangidwe kamagetsi:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f9

Makonzedwe apakompyuta aterbiumndi [Xe] 6s24f9. Nthawi zambiri, ma elekitironi atatu okha amatha kuchotsedwa chiwongolero cha nyukiliya chisanakhale chachikulu kwambiri kuti chisapitirire ionized. Komabe, mu nkhani yaterbium, theka ladzazaterbiumamalola ionization ina wa elekitironi wachinayi pamaso pa oxidant amphamvu kwambiri monga fluorine mpweya.

Chitsulo

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Terbiumndi chitsulo choyera chasiliva chosowa padziko lapansi chokhala ndi ductility, kulimba, ndi kufewa komwe kungathe kudulidwa ndi mpeni. Malo osungunuka 1360 ℃, malo otentha 3123 ℃, osalimba 8229 4kg/m3. Poyerekeza ndi zinthu zoyambirira za lanthanide, imakhala yokhazikika mumlengalenga. Chinthu chachisanu ndi chinayi cha zinthu za lanthanide, terbium, ndi chitsulo chotenthedwa kwambiri chomwe chimagwirizana ndi madzi kupanga mpweya wa haidrojeni.

Mu chilengedwe,terbiumsichinapezekepo kukhala chinthu chaulere, chomwe chilipo pang'ono mu mchenga wa phosphorous cerium thorium ndi silicon beryllium yttrium ore.Terbiumimakhala ndi zinthu zina zapadziko lapansi zomwe sizipezeka mumchenga wa monazite, wokhala ndi 0.03% terbium. Malo enanso ndi yttrium phosphate ndi golide wapadziko lapansi wosowa, onsewo ndi osakaniza a oxides okhala ndi 1% terbium.

Kugwiritsa ntchito

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwaterbiummakamaka kumakhudza minda yapamwamba, amene ali kwambiri luso ndi chidziwitso kwambiri kudula-m'mphepete ntchito ntchito, komanso ntchito zopindulitsa kwambiri zachuma, ndi ziyembekezo wokongola chitukuko.

Magawo akuluakulu ogwiritsira ntchito ndi awa:

(1) Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nthaka. Mwachitsanzo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza wosowa padziko lapansi komanso zowonjezera zaulimi.

(2) Woyambitsa wa ufa wobiriwira mu ufa atatu woyambirira wa fulorosenti. Zipangizo zamakono za optoelectronic zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu itatu yofunikira ya phosphors, yofiira, yobiriwira, ndi yabuluu, yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ndipoterbiumndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pamafuta ambiri apamwamba obiriwira fulorosenti.

(3) Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati magneto kuwala kosungirako zinthu. Mafilimu a Amorphous metal terbium transition metal alloy woonda akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma magneto optical discs apamwamba kwambiri.

(4) Kupanga magalasi owoneka bwino a maginito. Magalasi ozungulira a Faraday okhala ndi terbium ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga ma rotator, ma isolator, ndi ma circulator muukadaulo wa laser.

(5) Kukula ndi chitukuko cha terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive aloyi (TerFenol) watsegula ntchito zatsopano terbium.

Zaulimi ndi kuweta ziweto

Dziko lapansi losowaterbiumimatha kupititsa patsogolo mbewu ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa photosynthesis mkati mwa ndende inayake. Ma complexes a terbium ali ndi zochitika zambiri zamoyo, ndi ternary complexesterbium, Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3-3H2O, ali ndi zotsatira zabwino za antibacterial ndi bactericidal pa Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, ndi Escherichia coli, okhala ndi antibacterial properties. Kufufuza kwa zovutazi kumapereka njira yatsopano yofufuzira mankhwala amakono a bactericidal.

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'munda wa luminescence

Zipangizo zamakono za optoelectronic zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu itatu yofunikira ya phosphors, yofiira, yobiriwira, ndi yabuluu, yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ndipo terbium ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pamafuta ambiri apamwamba obiriwira fulorosenti. Ngati kubadwa kwa osowa dziko lapansi mtundu TV wofiira fulorosenti ufa kwachititsa kufunika kwayttriumndieuropium, ndiye ntchito ndi chitukuko cha terbium akhala akulimbikitsidwa ndi osowa lapansi atatu oyambirira mtundu wobiriwira fulorosenti ufa kwa nyali. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, Philips adapanga nyali yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi yopulumutsa mphamvu ya fulorosenti ndikuilimbikitsa padziko lonse lapansi. Tb3 + ions imatha kutulutsa kuwala kobiriwira ndi kutalika kwa 545nm, ndipo pafupifupi mafuta onse obiriwira a fulorosenti amagwiritsa ntchito.terbium, monga choyambitsa.

Ufa wobiriwira wa fulorosenti womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga machubu amtundu wa TV cathode ray (CRTs) nthawi zonse wakhala umachokera ku zinc sulfide yotsika mtengo komanso yothandiza, koma ufa wa terbium wakhala ukugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati utoto wobiriwira wa TV, monga Y2SiO5: Tb3+, Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, ndi LaOBr: Tb3+. Ndi chitukuko cha kanema wawayilesi wapamwamba kwambiri (HDTV), ufa wobiriwira wobiriwira wobiriwira wa CRTs ukupangidwanso. Mwachitsanzo, ufa wosakanizidwa wobiriwira wa fulorosenti wapangidwa kunja, wopangidwa ndi Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3 +, LaOCl: Tb3 +, ndi Y2SiO5: Tb3 +, omwe ali ndi luminescence bwino kwambiri pa mphamvu zamakono zamakono.

Mwachikhalidwe cha X-ray fulorescent ufa ndi calcium tungstate. M'zaka za m'ma 1970 ndi 1980, zida za fulorosenti zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi zowonetsera zowonetsera zidapangidwa, mongaterbium, activated lanthanum sulfide oxide, terbium activated lanthanum bromide oxide (kwa zowonetsera zobiriwira), ndi terbium activated yttrium sulfide oxide. Poyerekeza ndi calcium tungstate, ufa wosawerengeka wa dziko lapansi ukhoza kuchepetsa nthawi ya X-ray kwa odwala ndi 80%, kusintha mafilimu a X-ray, kuwonjezera moyo wa machubu a X-ray, ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu zamagetsi. Terbium amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati fulorosenti ufa activator kwa mankhwala X-ray kuwongola zowonetsera, amene kwambiri kusintha tilinazo X-ray kutembenuka mu zithunzi kuwala, kusintha kumveka kwa X-ray mafilimu, ndi kuchepetsa kwambiri kukhudzana mlingo X- kuwala kwa thupi la munthu (kuposa 50%).

Terbiumimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati cholumikizira mu phosphor yoyera ya LED yokondwa ndi kuwala kwabuluu pakuwunikira kwatsopano kwa semiconductor. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga terbium aluminium magneto optical crystal phosphors, pogwiritsa ntchito ma diode otulutsa buluu ngati magwero owunikira, ndipo fluorescence yopangidwa imasakanizidwa ndi kuwala kosangalatsa kutulutsa kuwala koyera koyera.

Zida za electroluminescent zopangidwa kuchokera ku terbium makamaka zimaphatikizapo zinki sulfide wobiriwira fulorosenti ufa nditerbiummonga activator. Pansi pa kuwala kwa ultraviolet, ma organic complexes a terbium amatha kutulutsa fluorescence yobiriwira ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati filimu yopyapyala yama electroluminescent. Ngakhale kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwachitika mu phunziro ladziko losowaorganic zovuta electroluminescent mafilimu woonda, pali kusiyana kwina kuchokera zothandiza, ndi kafukufuku padziko lapansi osowa organic zovuta electroluminescent woonda mafilimu ndi zipangizo akadali mozama.

Makhalidwe a fluorescence a terbium amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati ma probes fluorescence. Mgwirizano wapakati pa ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) ndi deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) unayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a fluorescence ndi mayamwidwe, monga fluorescence probe ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+). Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti probe ya ofloxacin Tb3+ imatha kupanga polumikizira ndi mamolekyu a DNA, ndipo deoxyribonucleic acid imatha kukulitsa kwambiri fluorescence ya ofloxacin Tb3+ system. Kutengera kusinthaku, deoxyribonucleic acid imatha kudziwitsidwa.

Kwa magneto kuwala kwa zipangizo

Zida zokhala ndi Faraday effect, zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti magneto-optical materials, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu lasers ndi zipangizo zina zowunikira. Pali mitundu iwiri yodziwika bwino ya zida zowoneka bwino za magneto: maginito optical crystals ndi magneto optical glass. Pakati pawo, makristasi a magneto-optical (monga yttrium iron garnet ndi terbium gallium garnet) ali ndi ubwino wosinthika maulendo ogwiritsira ntchito komanso kukhazikika kwapamwamba kwa kutentha, koma ndi okwera mtengo komanso ovuta kupanga. Kuphatikiza apo, makristasi ambiri a magneto-optical okhala ndi ma angles apamwamba a Faraday amayamwa kwambiri pamafunde amfupi, omwe amalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo. Poyerekeza ndi maginito optical crystals, maginito kuwala galasi ali ndi ubwino transmittance mkulu ndipo n'zosavuta kupanga midadada lalikulu kapena ulusi. Pakali pano, magalasi a magneto-optical omwe ali ndi mphamvu ya Faraday kwambiri ndi magalasi osowa kwambiri padziko lapansi.

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito posungira zinthu za magneto Optical

M'zaka zaposachedwa, ndikukula kwachangu kwa ma multimedia ndi automation ya ofesi, kufunikira kwa ma discs apamwamba kwambiri akuwonjezeka. Mafilimu a Amorphous metal terbium transition metal alloy woonda akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma magneto optical discs apamwamba kwambiri. Pakati pawo, TbFeCo aloyi woonda filimu ali ndi ntchito yabwino. Zida za Terbium zochokera ku magneto-optical zapangidwa pamlingo waukulu, ndipo ma magneto-optical discs opangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zigawo zosungirako makompyuta, ndi mphamvu zosungirako zowonjezera nthawi 10-15. Iwo ali ndi ubwino wa mphamvu yaikulu ndi mofulumira kupeza liwiro, ndipo akhoza misozi ndi TACHIMATA zikwi makumi a nthawi pamene ntchito mkulu-kachulukidwe kuwala zimbale. Ndizinthu zofunikira muukadaulo wosungira zidziwitso zamagetsi. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi magneto-optical material mumagulu owoneka ndi pafupi ndi infrared ndi Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) crystal imodzi, yomwe ndi yabwino kwambiri ya magneto-optical material popanga Faraday rotator ndi isolator.

Kwa galasi la magneto Optical

Galasi la Faraday magneto Optical lili ndi kuwonekera bwino komanso isotropy m'malo owoneka bwino komanso owoneka bwino, ndipo imatha kupanga mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana ovuta. Ndizosavuta kupanga zinthu zazikuluzikulu ndipo zimatha kukokedwa mu ulusi wamagetsi. Chifukwa chake, ili ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri pazida zowoneka bwino za magneto monga ma magneto optical isolator, ma magneto optical modulators, ndi masensa apano a fiber optic. Chifukwa cha mphindi yake yayikulu ya maginito komanso mayamwidwe ang'onoang'ono pamawonekedwe owoneka ndi ma infrared, ma ma ion a Tb3 + akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lapansi m'magalasi a magneto Optical.

Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy

Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, ndikukula kosalekeza kwakusintha kwaukadaulo wapadziko lonse lapansi, zida zatsopano zogwiritsira ntchito padziko lapansi zidayamba kupezeka mwachangu. Mu 1984, Iowa State University, Ames Laboratory ya US Department of Energy, ndi US Navy Surface Weapons Research Center (kumene ogwira ntchito akuluakulu a Edge Technology Corporation (ET REMA) adachokera) adagwirizana kuti apange njira yatsopano yosowa. zanzeru padziko lapansi, zomwe ndi terbium dysprosium ferromagnetic magnetostrictive zakuthupi. Zinthu zatsopano zanzeruzi zili ndi mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri yosinthira mwachangu mphamvu zamagetsi kukhala mphamvu zamakina. Ma transducers apansi pamadzi ndi ma electro-acoustic opangidwa ndi chimphona chachikulu cha magnetostrictive ichi adakonzedwa bwino mu zida zapamadzi, olankhula ozindikira bwino mafuta, makina owongolera phokoso ndi kugwedezeka, komanso kufufuza kwanyanja ndi njira zoyankhulirana zapansi panthaka. Chifukwa chake, terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material itangobadwa, idalandira chidwi chofala kuchokera kumayiko otukuka padziko lonse lapansi. Edge Technologies ku United States anayamba kupanga terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials mu 1989 ndipo anazitcha Terfenol D. Kenako, Sweden, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, ndi Australia anapanganso terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials.

Kuchokera m'mbiri ya chitukuko cha nkhaniyi ku United States, kupangidwa kwa zinthuzo ndi ntchito zake zoyambirira za monopolistic zimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi makampani ankhondo (monga asilikali apanyanja). Ngakhale madipatimenti ankhondo ndi chitetezo aku China akulimbitsa pang'onopang'ono kumvetsetsa kwawo kwa nkhaniyi. Komabe, ndi kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zamphamvu za dziko la China, kufunikira kokwaniritsa njira zopikisana zankhondo zazaka za zana la 21 ndikukweza zida zankhondo kudzakhala kwachangu kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kofala kwa terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials ndi madipatimenti ankhondo ndi chitetezo cha dziko kudzakhala kofunikira m'mbiri.

Mwachidule, zambiri zabwino katundu waterbiumipange kukhala membala wofunikira pazida zambiri zogwirira ntchito komanso malo osasinthika m'magawo ena ogwiritsira ntchito. Komabe, chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwa terbium, anthu akhala akuphunzira momwe angapewere ndi kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito terbium kuti achepetse ndalama zopangira. Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi za magneto-optical ziyeneranso kugwiritsa ntchito zotsika mtengoDysprosium ironcobalt kapena gadolinium terbium cobalt momwe ndingathere; Yesetsani kuchepetsa zomwe zili mu terbium mu ufa wobiriwira wa fulorosenti womwe uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mtengo wakhala chinthu chofunikira choletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiriterbium. Koma zinthu zambiri zogwira ntchito sizingachite popanda izo, kotero tiyenera kutsatira mfundo ya "kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chabwino pa tsamba" ndikuyesera kupulumutsa ntchitoterbiummomwe ndingathere.

 


Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-25-2023