Ytterbium: nambala ya atomiki 70, kulemera kwa atomiki 173.04, dzina la chinthu lochokera kumalo omwe adatulukira. Zomwe zili mu ytterbium mu kutumphuka ndi 0.000266%, makamaka zomwe zimapezeka mu phosphorite ndi golide wakuda wosowa. Zomwe zili mu monazite ndi 0.03%, ndipo pali 7 isotopu zachilengedwe
Zapezeka
Ndi: Marinak
Nthawi: 1878
Kumalo: Switzerland
Mu 1878, akatswiri a zamankhwala a ku Switzerland a Jean Charles ndi G Marignac adapeza chinthu chatsopano chapadziko lapansi chosowa mu "erbium". Mu 1907, Ulban ndi Weils ananena kuti Marignac analekanitsa chisakanizo cha lutetium oxide ndi ytterbium oxide. Pokumbukira mudzi wawung'ono wotchedwa Yteerby pafupi ndi Stockholm, kumene miyala ya yttrium inapezedwa, chinthu chatsopanochi chinatchedwa Ytterbium ndi chizindikiro cha Yb.
Kukonzekera kwamagetsi
Kukonzekera kwamagetsi
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14
Chitsulo
Metallic ytterbium ndi silver gray, ductile, ndipo imakhala yofewa. Pa kutentha kwa firiji, ytterbium imatha kutenthedwa pang'onopang'ono ndi mpweya ndi madzi.
Pali mitundu iwiri ya kristalo: α- Mtunduwu ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wa cubic crystal system (kutentha kwa chipinda -798 ℃); β- Mtunduwu ndi ma cubic okhazikika thupi (pamwamba pa 798 ℃) lattice. Malo osungunuka 824 ℃, otentha 1427 ℃, kachulukidwe wachibale 6.977（ α- Type), 6.54（ β- Type).
Insoluble m'madzi ozizira, sungunuka mu zidulo ndi ammonia madzi. Ndi mlengalenga mokhazikika. Mofanana ndi samarium ndi europium, ytterbium ndi ya variable valence rare earth, ndipo ingakhalenso mu chikhalidwe chabwino cha divalent kuwonjezera pa kukhala kawirikawiri katatu.
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a valence awa, kukonzekera kwazitsulo za ytterbium sikuyenera kuchitidwa ndi electrolysis, koma kuchepetsa njira ya distillation pokonzekera ndi kuyeretsa. Kawirikawiri, chitsulo cha lanthanum chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kuchepetsa kuchepetsa distillation, pogwiritsa ntchito kusiyana pakati pa kuthamanga kwa nthunzi wa ytterbium zitsulo ndi kutsika kwa nthunzi ya lanthanum zitsulo. Kapenanso,thulium, ytterbium,ndilutetiumamaganizira angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zopangira, ndizitsulo lanthanumangagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati kuchepetsa. Pansi kutentha zingalowe zikhalidwe> 1100 ℃ ndi <0.133Pa, ytterbium zitsulo akhoza yotengedwa mwachindunji kuchepetsa distillation. Monga samarium ndi europium, ytterbium ingathenso kupatulidwa ndi kuyeretsedwa kupyolera mu kuchepetsa madzi. Nthawi zambiri, thulium, ytterbium, ndi lutetium concentrates amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira. Pambuyo pa kusungunuka, ytterbium imachepetsedwa kukhala divalent state, kuchititsa kusiyana kwakukulu mu katundu, ndiyeno kupatukana ndi ena trivalent lapansi osowa. Kupanga kwapamwamba-kuyeraytterbium oxideNthawi zambiri imachitika ndi chromatography kapena njira yosinthira ion.
Kugwiritsa ntchito
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma alloys apadera. Ma aloyi a Ytterbium agwiritsidwa ntchito muzamankhwala amano poyesa zitsulo ndi mankhwala.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, ytterbium yatulukira ndipo ikukula mofulumira m'madera a fiber optic communication ndi laser technology.
Pomanga ndi chitukuko cha "msewu wodziwa zambiri", makina apakompyuta ndi maulendo akutali optical fiber transmissions ali ndi zofunikira kwambiri pakugwira ntchito kwa zipangizo zamakono zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyankhulana. Ytterbium ions, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake abwino kwambiri, amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zokulitsa ulusi polumikizana ndi kuwala, monga erbium ndi thulium. Ngakhale kuti rare earth element erbium akadali wosewera wamkulu pakukonzekera ma fiber amplifiers, ulusi wamtundu wa erbium-doped quartz umakhala ndi bandwidth yaying'ono (30nm), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kukwaniritsa zofunikira zotumizira mwachangu komanso mwamphamvu kwambiri. Yb3+ion ili ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri loyamwa kuposa ma Er3+ion ozungulira 980nm. Kupyolera mu mphamvu yolimbikitsa ya Yb3+ komanso kusamutsa mphamvu kwa erbium ndi ytterbium, kuwala kwa 1530nm kumatha kukulitsidwa kwambiri, motero kumapangitsa kuti kuwalako kukhale kothandiza kwambiri.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, galasi la erbium ytterbium co doped phosphate lakondedwa kwambiri ndi ofufuza. Magalasi a Phosphate ndi fluorophosphate ali ndi kukhazikika kwamankhwala komanso kutentha, komanso ma infrared transmittance ndi mawonekedwe akulu osafanana ndi yunifolomu, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala zida zabwino kwambiri zamagalasi opangira burodi komanso kupindula kwakukulu kwa magalasi a erbium-doped amplification fiber. Yb3 + doped fiber amplifiers amatha kukwaniritsa kukulitsa mphamvu ndi kukulitsa siginecha yaying'ono, kuwapangitsa kukhala oyenera minda monga ma sensa a fiber optic, kuyankhulana kwa laser space free, ndi ultra short pulse amplification. China pakadali pano yamanga njira yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ya tchanelo chimodzi komanso makina otumizira mawotchi othamanga kwambiri, ndipo ili ndi misewu yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Ytterbium doped ndi ma amplifiers ena osowa padziko lapansi ndi zida za laser zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mwa iwo.
Mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a ytterbium amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zida zapamwamba za laser, monga makristasi a laser, magalasi a laser, ndi ma fiber lasers. Monga zida za laser zamphamvu kwambiri, makristalo a laser a ytterbium doped apanga mndandanda waukulu, kuphatikiza ytterbium doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Yb: YAG), ytterbium doped gadolinium gallium garnet (Yb: GGG), ytterbium doped calcium fluorophosphate (Yb: FAP) , ytterbium doped strontium fluorophosphate (Yb: S-FAP), ytterbium doped yttrium vanadate (Yb: YV04), ytterbium doped borate, ndi silicate. Semiconductor laser (LD) ndi mtundu watsopano wapampu gwero la ma laser olimba. Yb: YAG ili ndi mawonekedwe ambiri oyenera kupopera kwamphamvu kwa LD ndipo yakhala chida cha laser chopopera champhamvu kwambiri cha LD. Yb: S-FAP crystal ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati laser material ya laser nuclear fusion mtsogolomu, zomwe zakopa chidwi cha anthu. Mu makhiristo a laser osinthika, pali chromium ytterbium holmium yttrium aluminium gallium garnet (Cr, Yb, Ho: YAGG) yokhala ndi kutalika kwa mafunde kuyambira 2.84 mpaka 3.05 μ Zosinthika mosalekeza pakati pa m. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, zida zambiri zankhondo za infrared zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamivi padziko lonse lapansi zimagwiritsa ntchito 3-5 μ Chifukwa chake, chitukuko cha Cr, Yb, Ho: YSGG lasers chingapereke kusokoneza koyenera kwa zida zowongolera zida zapakati pa infrared, ndipo zili ndi tanthauzo lankhondo. China yapeza zotsatira zotsogola zotsogola padziko lonse lapansi pankhani ya ytterbium doped laser crystals (Yb: YAG, Yb: FAP, Yb: SFAP, etc.), kuthetsa matekinoloje ofunikira monga kukula kwa kristalo ndi laser mwachangu, kugunda, mosalekeza, ndi chosinthika linanena bungwe. Zotsatira zafukufukuzo zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pachitetezo cha dziko, mafakitale, ndi uinjiniya wa sayansi, ndipo zinthu za ytterbium doped crystal zatumizidwa kumayiko ndi zigawo zingapo monga United States ndi Japan.
Gulu lina lalikulu la zida za laser ytterbium ndi galasi la laser. Magalasi osiyanasiyana a laser otulutsa mpweya wambiri apangidwa, kuphatikiza germanium tellurite, silicon niobate, borate, ndi phosphate. Chifukwa chosavuta kuumba magalasi, imatha kupangidwa mokulirapo ndipo imakhala ndi mawonekedwe monga kutumizirana mwachangu komanso kufananiza kwakukulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ma laser amphamvu kwambiri. Galasi yodziwika bwino ya laser padziko lapansi inali makamaka neodymium galasi, yomwe ili ndi mbiri yachitukuko yazaka zopitilira 40 ndiukadaulo wopanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito. Zakhala zimakonda kwambiri zida za laser zamphamvu kwambiri ndipo zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu zida zoyesera za nyukiliya komanso zida za laser. Zida za laser zamphamvu kwambiri zomangidwa ku China, zopangidwa ndi galasi la laser neodymium monga sing'anga yayikulu ya laser, zafika pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Koma galasi la laser neodymium tsopano likukumana ndi vuto lamphamvu kuchokera ku galasi la laser ytterbium.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, kafukufuku wambiri awonetsa kuti zinthu zambiri zamagalasi a laser ytterbium zimaposa magalasi a neodymium. Chifukwa chakuti ytterbium doped luminescence ili ndi milingo iwiri yokha yamphamvu, mphamvu yosungiramo mphamvu ndiyokwera kwambiri. Kupindula komweko, galasi la ytterbium limakhala ndi mphamvu zosungirako mphamvu 16 kuposa galasi la neodymium, ndi moyo wa fluorescence nthawi 3 kuposa galasi la neodymium. Ilinso ndi maubwino monga kuchuluka kwa doping, mayamwidwe a bandwidth, ndipo imatha kuponyedwa mwachindunji ndi ma semiconductors, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kwambiri ma laser amphamvu kwambiri. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito magalasi a laser a ytterbium nthawi zambiri kumadalira kuthandizidwa ndi neodymium, monga kugwiritsa ntchito Nd3 + monga chodziwitsira kuti magalasi a laser a ytterbium azigwira ntchito kutentha kwa firiji ndipo μ Kutulutsa kwa laser kumatheka pa kutalika kwa mamita. Chifukwa chake, ytterbium ndi neodymium onse ndi opikisana nawo komanso ogwirizana pagawo la galasi la laser.
Posintha mawonekedwe a galasi, zinthu zambiri zowunikira za galasi la ytterbium laser zitha kusinthidwa. Ndi chitukuko cha ma lasers amphamvu kwambiri monga njira yayikulu, ma laser opangidwa ndi galasi la ytterbium laser akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani amakono, ulimi, mankhwala, kafukufuku wa sayansi, ndi ntchito zankhondo.
Kugwiritsa ntchito usilikali: Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zopangidwa ndi kuphatikizika kwa nyukiliya monga mphamvu zakhala cholinga choyembekezeredwa, ndipo kukwaniritsa kusakanikirana koyendetsedwa ndi nyukiliya kudzakhala njira yofunikira kwa anthu kuthetsa mavuto a mphamvu. Magalasi a laser a Ytterbium doped laser akukhala chinthu chomwe amakonda kwambiri kuti akwaniritse kukwezedwa kwa inertial confinement fusion (ICF) m'zaka za zana la 21 chifukwa chakuchita bwino kwa laser.
Zida za laser zimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zazikulu za mtengo wa laser kugunda ndi kuwononga chandamale, kutulutsa kutentha kwa mabiliyoni a madigiri Celsius ndikuwukira mwachindunji pa liwiro la kuwala. Atha kutchedwa Nadana ndipo ali ndi zoopsa kwambiri, makamaka zoyenera zida zamakono zodzitetezera kunkhondo pankhondo. Kuchita bwino kwambiri kwa galasi la laser ytterbium doped laser kwapangitsa kuti ikhale yofunika kwambiri popanga zida za laser zamphamvu kwambiri komanso zogwira ntchito kwambiri.
Fiber laser ndiukadaulo watsopano womwe ukukula mwachangu komanso ndi gawo la ntchito zamagalasi a laser. Fiber laser ndi laser yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito CHIKWANGWANI monga sing'anga ya laser, yomwe imapangidwa ndi kuphatikiza kwaukadaulo waukadaulo ndi laser. Ndiukadaulo watsopano wa laser wopangidwa pamaziko aukadaulo wa erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). A CHIKWANGWANI laser wapangidwa ndi semiconductor laser diode monga gwero mpope, CHIKWANGWANI optic waveguide ndi kupeza sing'anga, ndi zigawo kuwala monga grating ulusi ndi couplers. Sikutanthauza kusintha makina kwa njira kuwala, ndipo limagwirira ndi yaying'ono ndi yosavuta kuphatikiza. Poyerekeza ndi ma lasers achikhalidwe olimba ndi ma semiconductor lasers, ili ndi maubwino aukadaulo komanso magwiridwe antchito monga mtengo wamtengo wapamwamba, kukhazikika kwabwino, kukana mwamphamvu kusokonezedwa ndi chilengedwe, kusasintha, kusakonza, komanso kapangidwe kake. Chifukwa chakuti ma ion a doped makamaka ndi Nd+3, Yb+3, Er+3, Tm+3, Ho+3, onse omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ulusi wosowa padziko lapansi ngati media media, fiber laser yopangidwa ndi kampaniyo imatha amatchedwa rare earth fiber laser.
Laser ntchito: High mphamvu ytterbium doped double clad CHIKWANGWANI laser wakhala malo otentha mu olimba-boma ukadaulo wa laser padziko lonse m'zaka zaposachedwa. Ili ndi ubwino wa mtengo wabwino wa mtengo, kapangidwe kameneka, ndi kutembenuka kwakukulu, ndipo imakhala ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito pokonza mafakitale ndi zina. Ulusi wovala kawiri wa ytterbium doped ulusi ndi woyenera kupopera laser wa semiconductor, wokhala ndi luso lolumikizana kwambiri komanso mphamvu yayikulu yotulutsa laser, ndipo ndi njira yayikulu yopangira ulusi wa ytterbium doped. Ukadaulo waku China wokhala ndi zida ziwiri za ytterbium doped fiber sikulinso pamlingo wapamwamba wamayiko akunja. Ulusi wa ytterbium doped fiber, ytterbium doped fiber, ndi erbium ytterbium co doped fiber opangidwa ku China wafika pamlingo wapamwamba wazinthu zakunja zofananira potengera magwiridwe antchito ndi kudalirika, ali ndi phindu lamtengo wapatali, ndipo ali ndi matekinoloje ovomerezeka azinthu zingapo ndi njira zingapo. .
Kampani yotchuka ya laser ya IPG yaku Germany posachedwapa yalengeza kuti makina awo omwe angotulutsidwa kumene a ytterbium doped fiber laser ali ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri a mtengo, moyo wapampu wopitilira maola 50000, utali wapakati wa 1070nm-1080nm, ndi mphamvu yotulutsa mpaka 20KW. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito powotcherera bwino, kudula, ndi kuboola miyala.
Zida za laser ndiye maziko ndi maziko a chitukuko chaukadaulo wa laser. Pakhala pali mawu mumakampani a laser akuti 'm'badwo umodzi wazinthu, m'badwo umodzi wa zida'. Kuti mupange zida zapamwamba komanso zothandiza za laser, ndikofunikira kukhala ndi zida za laser zogwira ntchito kwambiri ndikuphatikiza matekinoloje ena oyenera. Ytterbium doped laser makhiristo ndi galasi laser, monga mphamvu yatsopano ya zipangizo olimba laser, akulimbikitsa chitukuko cha luso CHIKWANGWANI chamawonedwe kulankhulana ndi laser luso, makamaka mu kudula-m'mphepete laser umisiri monga mkulu-mphamvu nyukiliya maphatikizidwe lasers, mkulu-mphamvu kugunda. ma lasers a matailosi, ndi zida zamphamvu zamphamvu kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, ytterbium imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati choyambitsa ufa wa fulorosenti, zopangira ma radio ceramics, zowonjezera zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi (magnetic thovu), ndi zowonjezera magalasi owoneka. Ziyenera kunenedwa kuti yttrium ndi yttrium zonse ndizosowa zapadziko lapansi. Ngakhale pali kusiyana kwakukulu m'mayina achingerezi ndi zizindikilo zazinthu, zilembo zamafoni zaku China zimakhala ndi masilabulo ofanana. M'matembenuzidwe ena achi China, yttrium nthawi zina amatchulidwa molakwika kuti yttrium. Pamenepa, tiyenera kufufuza malemba oyambirira ndikuphatikiza zizindikiro za chinthu kuti titsimikizire.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-30-2023