Scandium, yokhala ndi chizindikiro cha Sc ndi nambala ya Atomiki ya 21, imasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi, imatha kuyanjana ndi madzi otentha, ndipo imadetsedwa mosavuta mumlengalenga. Valence yake yayikulu ndi +3. Nthawi zambiri amasakanikirana ndi gadolinium, erbium, ndi zinthu zina, zokolola zochepa komanso pafupifupi 0.0005% mu kutumphuka. Scandium nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magalasi apadera komanso ma alloys opepuka otentha kwambiri.
Pakalipano, nkhokwe zotsimikiziridwa za scandium padziko lapansi ndi matani 2 miliyoni okha, 90 ~ 95% omwe ali mu Bauxite, phosphorite ndi chitsulo titaniyamu ores, ndi gawo laling'ono mu uranium, thorium, tungsten ndi ores osowa lapansi, makamaka. kugawidwa ku Russia, China, Tajikistan, Madagascar, Norway ndi mayiko ena. China ndi yolemera kwambiri muzinthu za scandium, zomwe zimakhala ndi mchere wambiri wokhudzana ndi scandium. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zosakwanira, nkhokwe za scandium ku China zili pafupifupi matani 600000, omwe ali mu Bauxite ndi phosphorite deposits, porphyry ndi quartz vein tungsten deposits ku South China, malo osowa padziko lapansi ku South China, Bayan Obo ore nthaka chitsulo ore deposit mu Inner Mongolia, ndi Panzhihua vanadium titanium magnetite deposit ku Sichuan.
Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa scandium, mtengo wa scandium umakhalanso wokwera kwambiri, ndipo pachimake, mtengo wa scandium unakwezedwa nthawi 10 mtengo wa golidi. Ngakhale mtengo wa scandium watsika, udakali kuwirikiza kanayi mtengo wa golidi!
Kupeza Mbiri
Mu 1869, Mendeleev adawona kusiyana kwa atomiki pakati pa calcium (40) ndi titaniyamu (48), ndipo adaneneratu kuti panalinso chinthu chapakatikati cha atomiki chomwe sichinadziwike pano. Ananeneratu kuti okusayidi yake ndi X ₂ O Å. Scandium inapezeka mu 1879 ndi Lars Frederik Nilson wa Uppsala University ku Sweden. Anachichotsa ku mgodi wakuda wagolide wosowa kwambiri, mwala wovuta kwambiri womwe uli ndi mitundu 8 yazitsulo zachitsulo. WachotsaErbium (III) oxidekuchokera ku miyala yamtengo wapatali ya golide wakuda, ndikupezaYtterbium (III) oxidekuchokera ku oxide iyi, ndipo pali oxide ina ya chinthu chopepuka, chomwe mawonekedwe ake akuwonetsa kuti ndi chitsulo chosadziwika. Ichi ndi chitsulo chonenedweratu ndi Mendeleev, amene okusayidi ndiSc₂O₃. Chitsulo cha scandium chokha chinapangidwa kuchokeraScandium chloridendi electrolytic kusungunuka mu 1937.
Mendeleev
Kukonzekera kwamagetsi
Kusintha kwa ma elekitironi: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1
Scandium ndi chitsulo chofewa, choyera chasiliva chokhala ndi malo osungunuka a 1541 ℃ ndi malo otentha a 2831 ℃.
Kwa nthawi yayitali atapezeka, kugwiritsa ntchito scandium sikunawonetsedwe chifukwa chazovuta zake kupanga. Ndi kuwongolera kochulukira kwa njira zolekanitsa zinthu zachilendo padziko lapansi, tsopano pali njira yokhwima yoyeretsera zosakaniza za scandium. Chifukwa scandium imakhala ndi zamchere pang'ono kuposa yttrium ndi Lanthanide, hydroxide ndi yofooka kwambiri, kotero kuti chinthu chosowa padziko lapansi chosakanizidwa ndi scandium chidzalekanitsidwa ndi chinthu chosowa padziko lapansi ndi njira ya "step precipitation" pamene Scandium (III) hydroxide imathandizidwa ndi ammonia pambuyo pake. kusamutsidwa mu njira yothetsera. Njira ina ndikulekanitsa Scandium nitrate ndi kuwola kwa Polar kwa nitrate. Chifukwa scandium nitrate ndiyosavuta kuwola, scandium imatha kulekanitsidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchira kwathunthu kwa scandium yotsagana ndi uranium, thorium, tungsten, malata ndi ma depositi ena amchere ndiwonso gwero lofunikira la scandium.
Mukapeza kaphatikizidwe koyera ka scandium, amasinthidwa kukhala ScCl Å ndi kusungunuka ndi KCl ndi LiCl. Zinc yosungunuka imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cathode ya electrolysis, kuchititsa kuti scandium iwonongeke pa electrode ya zinc. Kenako, zinki amasanduka nthunzi kuti apeze zitsulo scandium. Ichi ndi chitsulo choyera chasiliva chopepuka chokhala ndi zinthu zogwira ntchito kwambiri, zomwe zimatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi madzi otentha kuti zipange mpweya wa haidrojeni. Choncho scandium yachitsulo yomwe mukuwona pachithunzichi imasindikizidwa mu botolo ndikutetezedwa ndi mpweya wa argon, apo ayi scandium idzapanga msanga wosanjikiza wakuda wachikasu kapena imvi, ndikutaya kuwala kwake kwachitsulo chonyezimira.
Mapulogalamu
Makampani opanga magetsi
Kugwiritsa ntchito scandium kumakhazikika m'njira zowala kwambiri, ndipo sikukokomeza kuyitcha Mwana wa Kuwala. Chida choyamba chamatsenga cha scandium chimatchedwa scandium sodium nyale, yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kubweretsa kuwala kwa zikwi za mabanja. Ichi ndi chitsulo halide Kuwala kwamagetsi: babuyo imadzazidwa ndi Sodium iodide ndi Scandium triiodide, ndipo scandium ndi zojambulazo za sodium zimawonjezeredwa nthawi yomweyo. Pakutuluka kwamphamvu kwambiri, ma ayoni a scandium ndi ayoni a sodium motsatana amatulutsa kuwala kwa mawonekedwe awo otulutsa mafunde. Mizere yowoneka bwino ya sodium ndi 589.0 ndi 589.6 nm, nyali ziwiri zodziwika zachikasu, pomwe mizere yowoneka bwino ya scandium ndi 361.3 ~ 424.7 nm, mndandanda wamtundu wapafupi wa ultraviolet ndi kuwala kwa buluu. Chifukwa chakuti zimayenderana, mtundu wonse wa kuwala wopangidwa ndi kuwala koyera. Ndi chifukwa chakuti nyali za sodium za scandium zimakhala ndi mphamvu zowala kwambiri, kuwala kwabwino, kupulumutsa mphamvu, moyo wautali wautumiki, ndi mphamvu yowononga chifunga yomwe imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakamera a kanema wawayilesi, mabwalo, malo ochitira masewera, ndi kuyatsa misewu, ndipo amadziwika ngati magwero a kuwala kwa m'badwo wachitatu. Ku China, nyali yamtunduwu imalimbikitsidwa pang'onopang'ono ngati teknoloji yatsopano, pamene m'mayiko ena otukuka, nyali yamtunduwu idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980.
Chida chachiwiri chamatsenga cha scandium ndi maselo a dzuwa a photovoltaic, omwe amatha kusonkhanitsa kuwala komwe kunabalalika pansi ndikusandutsa magetsi kuti ayendetse anthu. Scandium ndiye chitsulo chotchinga bwino kwambiri muzitsulo zotchingira semiconductor silicon solar cell ndi ma cell a solar.
Chida chake chachitatu chamatsenga chimatchedwa γ Gwero la ray, chida chamatsenga ichi chikhoza kuwala pachokha, koma kuwala kotereku sikungathe kulandiridwa ndi maso, ndi mphamvu ya photon yothamanga kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri timachotsa 45Sc ku mchere, womwe ndi ma isotopu achilengedwe okha a scandium. Khungu lililonse la 45Sc lili ndi ma protoni 21 ndi ma neutroni 24. 46Sc, isotopu yopangira ma radioactive, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati γ magwero a radiation kapena ma atomu ofufuza angagwiritsidwenso ntchito pochiritsa zotupa zoyipa. Palinso ntchito monga yttrium gallium scandium garnet laser,Scandium fluoridegalasi infuraredi kuwala CHIKWANGWANI, ndi scandium yokutidwa cathode ray chubu pa TV. Zikuwoneka kuti scandium imabadwa ndi kuwala.
Makampani a Alloy
Scandium mu mawonekedwe ake oyambira yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ma doping aluminiyamu alloys. Malingana ngati masauzande angapo a scandium akuwonjezeredwa ku aluminiyumu, gawo latsopano la Al3Sc lidzapangidwa, lomwe lidzakhala ndi gawo la Metamorphism muzitsulo za aluminiyamu ndikupanga mapangidwe ndi katundu wa alloy kusintha kwambiri. Kuwonjezera 0.2% ~ 0.4% Sc (yomwe ilidi yofanana ndi gawo la kuwonjezera mchere kusonkhezera masamba okazinga kunyumba, pang'ono pokha chofunika) akhoza kuwonjezera recrystallization kutentha kwa aloyi ndi 150-200 ℃, ndi bwino kwambiri -Kutentha kwamphamvu, kukhazikika kwamapangidwe, ntchito zowotcherera, komanso kukana dzimbiri. Zingathenso kupewa zochitika za embrittlement zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kuchitika panthawi ya ntchito ya nthawi yayitali pa kutentha kwakukulu. Aluminiyamu aloyi wamphamvu kwambiri komanso wolimba kwambiri, aloyi watsopano wamphamvu kwambiri, wosasunthika kuti asatenthedwe, aloyi watsopano wotentha kwambiri wa aluminiyamu, aloyi amphamvu kwambiri a nyutroni, ndi zina zambiri, ali ndi chiyembekezo chowoneka bwino muzamlengalenga, ndege, zombo, zida za nyukiliya, magalimoto opepuka komanso masitima othamanga kwambiri.
Scandium ndi chosinthira chabwino kwambiri chachitsulo, ndipo kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka scandium kumatha kusintha kwambiri mphamvu ndi kuuma kwa chitsulo choponyedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, scandium itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chowonjezera chowonjezera kutentha kwa tungsten ndi ma aloyi a chromium. Inde, kuwonjezera pakupanga zovala zaukwati kwa ena, scandium imakhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri ndipo kachulukidwe kake ndi kofanana ndi aluminiyamu, ndipo amagwiritsidwanso ntchito muzitsulo zosungunuka kwambiri monga scandium titanium alloy ndi scandium magnesium alloy. Komabe, chifukwa cha mtengo wake wokwera, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale apamwamba kwambiri monga ma shuttles ndi roketi.
Zida za Ceramic
Scandium, chinthu chimodzi, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu aloyi, ndipo ma oxides ake amagwira ntchito yofunikira mu zida za ceramic mofananamo. The tetragonal zirconia ceramic zakuthupi, amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati elekitirodi chuma olimba okusayidi mafuta maselo, ali ndi katundu wapadera kumene madutsidwe wa electrolyte ukuwonjezeka ndi kutentha ndi ndende mpweya ndende mu chilengedwe. Komabe, mawonekedwe a kristalo a zinthu za ceramic izi sizingakhalepo mokhazikika ndipo alibe phindu la mafakitale; M'pofunika doping zinthu zina zimene angathe kukonza dongosolo kuti kukhalabe ake oyambirira katundu. Kuwonjezera 6 ~ 10% Scandium okusayidi ali ngati kapangidwe konkire, kotero kuti zirconia akhoza okhazikika pa latisi lalikulu.
Palinso zida zauinjiniya za ceramic monga silicon nitride yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yotentha kwambiri ngati ma densifiers ndi stabilizer.
Monga densifier,Scandium oxideakhoza kupanga refractory gawo Sc2Si2O7 m'mphepete mwa particles zabwino, motero kuchepetsa mkulu-kutentha mapindikidwe wa zomangamanga zadothi. Poyerekeza ndi oxides ena, izo zikhoza kusintha mkulu-kutentha makina zimatha pakachitsulo nitride.
Catalytic chemistry
Muukadaulo wamakina, scandium imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira, pomwe Sc2O3 ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pochotsa madzi m'thupi komanso kutulutsa kwa ethanol kapena isopropanol, kuwonongeka kwa acetic acid, ndikupanga ethylene kuchokera ku CO ndi H2. Pt Al chothandizira chomwe chili ndi Sc2O3 ndichothandizanso kwambiri pakuyeretsa mafuta ochulukirapo a hydrogenation ndi njira zoyenga m'makampani a petrochemical. Muzochita zowonongeka monga Cumene, ntchito ya Sc-Y zeolite chothandizira ndi nthawi 1000 kuposa ya Aluminium silicate catalyst; Poyerekeza ndi zoyambitsa zina zachikhalidwe, chiyembekezo cha chitukuko cha scandium catalysts chidzakhala chowala kwambiri.
Makampani opanga mphamvu za nyukiliya
Kuwonjezera pang'ono Sc2O3 ku UO2 mu kutentha kwapamwamba kwa nyukiliya ya nyukiliya mafuta kungapewe kusintha kwa lattice, kuwonjezeka kwa voliyumu, ndi kusweka chifukwa cha kutembenuka kwa UO2 kupita ku U3O8.
Selo yamafuta
Mofananamo, kuwonjezera 2.5% mpaka 25% scandium ku mabatire a nickel alkali kudzawonjezera moyo wawo wautumiki.
Kuweta kwaulimi
Muulimi, mbewu monga chimanga, beet, nsawawa, tirigu ndi mpendadzuwa zitha kuthandizidwa ndi Scandium sulfate (nthawi zambiri zimakhala 10-3 ~ 10-8mol / L, zomera zosiyanasiyana zimakhala zosiyana), komanso zotsatira zenizeni zolimbikitsa kumera. zakwaniritsidwa. Pambuyo 8 hours, youma kulemera kwa mizu ndi masamba chinawonjezeka ndi 37% ndi 78% motero poyerekeza ndi mbande, koma limagwirira akadali kuphunzira.
Kuchokera ku chidwi cha Nielsen ku ngongole ya Atomic mass data mpaka lero, scandium yalowa m'masomphenya a anthu kwa zaka zana limodzi kapena makumi awiri okha, koma pafupifupi yakhala pa benchi kwa zaka zana. Sizinali mpaka kutukuka kwamphamvu kwa sayansi yakuthupi chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana lapitalo pamene kunabweretsa nyonga kwa iye. Masiku ano, zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka, kuphatikizapo scandium, zakhala zotchuka kwambiri mu sayansi ya zinthu, zikugwira ntchito zosintha nthawi zonse m'machitidwe masauzande ambiri, kubweretsa kufewetsa m'miyoyo yathu tsiku lililonse, ndikupanga phindu lazachuma lomwe ndizovuta kwambiri kuyeza.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-29-2023