Schipha, okhala ndi chiwerengero cha Sc ndi atomiki a 21, amasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi, amatha kulumikizana ndi madzi otentha, komanso amdima mumlengalenga. Chuma chake chachikulu ndi 3. Nthawi zambiri imasakanikirana ndi gadolinium, erbium, ndi zinthu zina, ndi zokolola zochepa komanso zomwe zili pafupifupi 0.0005% mu kutumphuka. Scandarium nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga galasi lapadera komanso kutentha kwambiri.
Pakadali pano, malo osungirako ena a scanda padziko lapansi ndi matani mamiliyoni 2 miliyoni, 90 ~ 95% ya iranite, ndi timium, tajiirist, madagascar, mayiko ena. China ndi wolemera kwambiri muzinthu zowoneka bwino, okhala ndi michere yayikulu yokhudzana ndi motolium. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zosakwanira, malo osungirako scanda ku China ndi matani 600000, omwe ali mu bauxite ndi ma din, osungira nyama ku South China, ndi Panzz
Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mantha, mtengo wa manthali umakhalanso wapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo pamtunda wake, mtengo wa spandarium unakhazikitsidwa nthawi 10 mtengo wa golide. Ngakhale mtengo wa svandarium wagwa, akadali mtengo wagolide!
Kupeza Mbiri
Mu 1869, Mendelev adawona kusiyana kwa atomiki misa pakati pa calcium (40) ndi Titanium (48), ndikulosera kuti pakati pakati pakati mwapakati pano. Adalosera kuti oxide ndi x ₂ o Å. Scandarium adapezeka mu 1879 ndi Lars Frederik Nilson of UPSSAALA University ku Sweden. Anawachotsa pagolide wakuda wosowa, ore yovuta kwambiri yomwe ili ndi mitundu 8 ya zitsulo ma oxis. WakonzansoErbium (iii) oxidekuchokera ku Black Syre Golide wa Golide, ndikupezaYterbium (iii) oxideKuchokera kwa oxidiya, ndipo pali ng'ombe inayake yopepuka, yomwe mawonekedwe ake akuwonetsa kuti ndi chitsulo chosadziwika. Izi ndi zitsulo zomwe zanenedweratu ndi Mendeleev, yemwe oxidiyo aliSc₂O₃. Zitsulo zowoneka bwinoScandaum chloridendi elecrolytic kusungunuka mu 1937.
Mengaev
Kusintha kwa Electron
Kusintha kwa Electron: 1s2 2S2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3D1
Scandarium ndi chitsulo chofewa, siliva choyera chosinthika ndi malo osungunuka 1541 ℃ ndi malo otentha a 2831 ℃.
Kwa nthawi yayitali atapeza ndalama, kugwiritsa ntchito sinali kuwonetsedwa chifukwa chovuta. Ndi kusintha kwa njira zolekanitsa zamiyendo za dziko lapansi, pali njira yokhwima yomwe ikuyeretsa anthu. Chifukwa Scandarium sikuti ndi yocheperako kuposa yttrium ndi Lantanide, hydroxide kwambiri, motero zinthu zachilengedwe zamtundu wina zikasungidwa ndi ma ammoxide atasinthidwa. Njira inayo ndiyosiyana ndi scandium nitrate poyikidwe wa nitrate. Chifukwa scandarium nitrate ndiyosavuta kwambiri kuwola, scandalium ikhoza kulekanitsidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchiritsidwa kokwanira kotsatirana kwa Uranium, thombe, Thopesten, malamba ndi madipo madipo a michere ndiponso gwero lofunika kwambiri pandenda.
Mukangopeza gawo lapamwamba lapamwamba, limasinthidwa kukhala sccl Å ndi ch ch ccl ndi icel. Zinc yosungunuka imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cashoni wa electrolysis, kuyambitsa scandium kuti mudzimangire pa zinzisi. Kenako, zinc imasinthidwa kuti ipeze mawonekedwe a chitsulo. Ichi ndi chitsulo choyera chasiliva chokhala ndi ndalama zambiri zamankhwala, zomwe zingatenge madzi otentha kuti apange mpweya wa hydrogeni. Chifukwa chake chitsulo chachitsulo chomwe mumawona pachithunzichi chidasindikizidwa mu botolo ndikutetezedwa ndi mpweya wa argon, mwinanso Scandium imapangitsa ng'ombe zamdima kapena zonyezimira.
Mapulogalamu
Makampani owunikira
Kugwiritsa ntchito khungu kumakhazikika pamayendedwe owala kwambiri, ndipo sikuti kukokomeza kuyatchulana ndi mwana wa kuwala. Chida cha Matsenga Choyamba cha Scandarium chimatchedwa scandaum nyali nyali, chimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kubweretsa ma nyumba masauzande ambiri. Ichi ndi Kuwala kwamagetsi kwa zitsulo: bulb imadzazidwa ndi sodium iyoodide ndi scanda yachilengedwe, ndipo zojambula ndi sodium ndi sodium zimawonjezeredwa nthawi yomweyo. Pa nthawi yayitali kwambiri, magetsi am'madzi ndi sodium manyezi amatulutsa mawonekedwe awo. Mizere yowoneka bwino ya sodium ndi 589.0 ndi 589. Magetsi awiri achikasu, pomwe magetsi otchuka a speandium ndi 361.3 ~ 424.7 NM Chifukwa amathandizana wina ndi mnzake, mtundu wonse wopepuka ndi kuyera koyera. Ndi chifukwa chakuti nyambo ya sodium ili ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri, utoto wabwino wowala, kupulumutsa anthu ambiri, komanso kuwunika kwamisewu, ndipo amadziwika kuti magwero achitatu. Ku China, nyali yamtunduwu ikulimbikitsidwa ngati ukadaulo watsopano, pomwe ali m'maiko ena otukuka, adagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'ma 1980s.
Chida chachiwiri chamatsenga cha Scandarium ndi ma cell a dzuwa, omwe amatha kutolera kuwala kwabalalitsidwa pansi ndikusintha kukhala magetsi kuyendetsa anthu. Scandarium ndiye chitsulo chabwino kwambiri chotchinga chachitsulo cha Semiconcy silicon dzuwa ndi maselo a dzuwa.
Chida chake chamatsenga chachitatu chimatchedwa ray gwero la ray, chida chamatsenga ichi chimatha kuwalira okha, koma kuwala kwamtunduwu sikungalandiridwe ndi diso lamaliseche, ndi maluwa apamwamba kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri timachotsa 45sc kuchokera ku michere, yomwe ndi isotopes yachilengedwe ya Syoyo. Iliyonse ya 45sc ili ndi ma protoni 21 ndi 24 a neutrons. 46sc, iyosope yazithunzi zopangidwa, imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kireni kirenitse maatomu kapena ma atomu a tracer amathanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku raditheratrapy ya zotupa zoyipa. Palinso kugwiritsa ntchito ngati yttrium gallium gedium adnet laser,Scandium fluorideGalgar infred Phative, ndi Cashonium wopachikidwa wa Scandar ray chubu pa TV. Zikuwoneka kuti scandarium imabadwa ndi kuwala.
Makampani a Alloy
Scandarium mu mawonekedwe ake oyambira agwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakutsitsa madontho a aluminiyamu. Malingana ngati zikwi zochepa za scandamu, gawo latsopano la Al3sc lidzapangidwa, lomwe lidzaseweretse gawo la metamom in aluminiyamu ndikupanga kapangidwe kake ndi zinthu za entoy. Kuphatikiza 0.2% ~ 0.4% sc (yomwe ili yofanana kwambiri ndikuwonjezera kutentha kwamphamvu, ndikulimbana kwakukulu) Itha kupewanso ziphuphu zomwe ndizosavuta kuchitika panthawi yayitali kutentha kwambiri. Mphamvu yayikulu komanso yolimba kwambiri aluminiyamu slominiyam a alminiyamu slominiyam ilminiyamu iloy irradiation yolimbana ndi Aros'osce.
Scandarium ndi yodzichepetsa kwambiri yachitsulo, ndipo wocheperako wochepera angasinthe kwambiri nyonga ndi kuuma kwa chitsulo. Kuphatikiza apo, svandarium itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zowonjezera pamagetsi otentha kwambiri ndi chromium. Inde, kuwonjezera pa zobvala zaukwati za ena, scandarimali ali ndi maziko apamwamba ndipo kachulukidwe kake kamakhala wofanana ndi ma aluminium, ndipo amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mopepuka kwambiri ngati scandium titanium aloy. Komabe, chifukwa cha mtengo wake wokwera, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafakitale apamwamba monga sharkets ndi maroketi.
Zinthu za Ceramic
Scandarium, chinthu chimodzi, nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu exoys, ndipo oxides ake amatenga gawo lofunikira muzolinga zadongosolo momwemo. Zithunzi za Tetragonal zakhumi, zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zida zamagetsi zamafuta owoneka bwino, zimakhala ndi katundu wapadera pomwe mawonekedwe a emagetsi amawonjezeka ndi kutentha kwa oxygen pamalo. Komabe, kapangidwe kazinthu ngati kanthawi kotereku sikungakhale kwanthawiyo ndipo ilibe phindu la mafakitale; Ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse zinthu zina zomwe zitha kukonza kapangidwezi kuti zizikhala ndi malo ake oyambira. Kuphatikiza 6 ~ 10% scandaum oxide ali ngati konkriti, kotero kuti zirronia imatha kukhala yokhazikika pa lalikulu.
Palinso mitundu ya engirive monga mphamvu zapamwamba komanso zotentha kwambiri siyicon nitride ngati ma cunsfaers ndi okhazikika.
Monga kavalidwe,Scandaum oxideItha kupanga gawo lokonzedwa gawo la SC2si2o7 kumapeto kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, motero kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa kutentha kwa mapangidwe a centerrics. Poyerekeza ndi oxides, zimatha kukonza kutentha kwambiri kwa silikan nitride.
Chealytic Chemistry
Mu mankhwala opatsirana, scandarium nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira, pomwe sc2o3 itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga madzi a ethanol kapena isopropanol kapena isopropanol, kupanga ethylene kuchokera ku co ndi H2. The PT Al Chothandizira Sc2o3 ndi chothandizira chofunikira kwambiri kuti mafuta a hydrogenation a hydrogenation komanso njira zoyengazirira m'makampani a Perrochemical. Ku Catalytic imasokoneza zochita monga chipike, ntchito ya SC-y Zeolite ndi nthawi ya ma aluminium slika; Poyerekeza ndi mphaka zina zachikhalidwe, ziyembekezo za chitukuko cha ma cartalysts owoneka bwino kwambiri.
Makampani Amicler Mphamvu
Kuphatikiza pang'ono sc2o3 mpaka uo2 mu uo2 mu kutentha kwa nyukiliya kumatha kusintha, kuwonjezeka kwa voliyumu, komanso kuwonongeka chifukwa cha Uo2 kupita ku U3O8 kutembenuka.
Selo lamafuta
Momwemonso, kuwonjezera 2.5% mpaka 25% scandarium to nickel alkali amawonjezera moyo wawo wautumiki.
Kutentha Kwaulimi
Pamitundu, mbewu monga chimanga, beet, pea, mbatani ndi mpendadzuwa zimatha kuthandizidwa ndi 10-8mol / l, quatium / mbewu zolimbitsa kumera zidatheka. Pambuyo maola 8, kulemera kwa mizu ndi masamba kuwonjezeka ndi 37% ndi 78% poyerekeza ndi mbande, koma makinawa akadali pano.
Kuchokera kwa Nielsen amasamala za ngongole za atomiki misa masiku ano, Scandarium adalowa m'masomphenya anthu zana limodzi kapena makumi awiri, koma watsala pang'ono kukhala pabenchi zaka zana. Sizinali mpaka kukweza kwa sayansi ya zinthu zakuthupi kumapeto kwa zaka za zana zapitazi kuti zimamupatsa mphamvu. Masiku ano, monganso zochitika, kuphatikizapo drimanda, akhala nyenyezi zotentha mu sayansi, ndikusewera maudindo osintha kwambiri m'magulu masauzande ambiri, kubweretsa mwayi waukulu m'miyoyo yathu tsiku lililonse, ndikupanga phindu lachuma lomwe limakhala lovuta kwambiri.
Post Nthawi: Jun-29-2023