Chitsulo cha Barium (1)

1, Chiyambi Chachikulu

Dzina lachi China:Barium, dzina lachingerezi:Barium, chizindikiro cha chinthuBa, nambala ya atomiki 56 pa tebulo la periodic, ndi gulu la IIA la alkaline earth metal element yokhala ndi kachulukidwe ka 3.51 g/cubic centimita, malo osungunuka a 727 ° C (1000 K, 1341 ° F), ndi malo otentha a 1870 ° C (2143 K, 3398 ° F). Barium ndi chitsulo chapadziko lapansi cha alkaline chokhala ndi kuwala koyera kwasiliva, ndi mtundu wamoto wachikasu wobiriwira, wofewa, ndi ductile.Bariumali ndi mphamvu zogwira ntchito kwambiri zamakhemikhali ndipo amatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi zinthu zambiri zopanda zitsulo.Bariumsichinapezekepo ngati chinthu chimodzi m'chilengedwe.Bariummchere ndi poizoni kupatulapobariumsulphate. Kuphatikiza apo,zitsulo bariumali ndi reducibility amphamvu ndipo akhoza kuchepetsa zitsulo oxides ambiri, halides, ndi sulfide kupeza zitsulo lolingana. Zomwe zili mubariummu kutumphuka ndi 0.05%, ndipo mchere wofala kwambiri m'chilengedwe ndi barite (bariumsulphate) ndi kuuma (bariumcarbonate). Barium imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'minda monga zamagetsi, zoumba, zamankhwala, ndi mafuta.

2, Kupezeka kwaBariumndi Development Status of ChinaBariumMakampani

1. Mbiri yachidule ya kupezeka kwabarium

Alkaline earth metal sulfides amawonetsa phosphorescence, kutanthauza kuti amapitilira kutulutsa kuwala mumdima kwa nthawi yayitali atawululidwa. Ndi ndendende chifukwa cha chikhalidwe ichibariummankhwala ayamba kulandira chidwi.

Mu 1602, V. Casiorolus, wosoka nsapato ku Bologna, Italy, anapeza kuti barite munalibariumsulphate anatulutsa kuwala mu mdima pambuyo kuwotcha ndi zinthu zoyaka. Zimenezi zinachititsa chidwi akatswiri a zamankhwala a ku Ulaya. Mu 1774, katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Sweden CW Scheele anapeza chinthu chatsopano mu barite, koma sanathe kuchilekanitsa, koma oxide ya chinthucho. Mu 1776, Johan Gottlieb Gahn anapatula oxide imeneyi mu kafukufuku wofanana. Baryta poyamba adatchedwa barote ndi Guyton de Morveau, ndipo pambuyo pake adatchedwa baryta (dziko lapansi lolemera) ndi Antoine Lavoisier. Mu 1808, katswiri wa zamankhwala waku Britain Humphry Davy adagwiritsa ntchito mercury ngati cathode, platinamu ngati anode, ndi electrolyzed barite (BaSO4) kupanga.bariumpamodzi. Pambuyo pa distillation kuchotsa mercury, chitsulo chokhala ndi chiyero chochepa chinapezedwa ndikutchedwa dzinabarium.

Ntchito zamafakitale zilinso ndi mbiri yazaka zopitilira zana

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, anthu anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito barite (mchere wofunikira popangabariumndibariumcompounds) ngati chodzaza utoto. Kuyambira m'zaka za zana lino, barite yakhala chinthu chachikulu chopangira zinthu zosiyanasiyanabariumokhala ndi mankhwala. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake, kukhazikika kwamankhwala, komanso kusasungunuka m'madzi ndi ma acid, barite yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholemetsa pamatope obowola mafuta ndi gasi koyambirira kwa 1920s.Bariumsulphate imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga utoto woyera ndipo imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chodzaza ndi utoto wa rabala.

2. Mkhalidwe wa Chinabariummakampani

Wambabariummchere mongabariumsulphate,bariumnitrate, barium kolorayidi,bariumcarbonate,bariumcyanide, etc.Bariumzinthu zamchere zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakampani amagetsi monga zowonjezera zamachubu azithunzi zamitundu ndi zida zamaginito.

Pakalipano, China yakhala ikugulitsa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansibariummchere. The padziko lonse pachaka kupanga mphamvu yabariumcarbonate ndi za 900000 matani, ndi linanena bungwe pafupifupi 700000 matani, pamene mphamvu China chaka kupanga pafupifupi 700000 matani, ndi linanena bungwe pachaka pafupifupi 500000 matani, mlandu oposa 70% ya padziko lonse.bariummphamvu yopanga carbonate ndi zotuluka. China chabariumzinthu za carbonate zatumizidwa kunja kochuluka kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo China yakhala ikugulitsa kunja kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.bariumcarbonate.

Mavuto Omwe Akukumana ndi Kukula kwaBariumMakampani a Salt ku China

Ngakhale China ndi dziko lalikulu sewero ndi kutumiza kunjabariumcarbonate, siwopanga wamphamvu wa barium carbonate. Choyamba, pali zazikulu zochepabariummabizinesi opanga carbonate ku China, ndipo pali mabizinesi ochepa kwambiri omwe akwanitsa kupanga zazikulu; Kachiwiri, Chinabariumzinthu za carbonate zili ndi dongosolo limodzi ndipo zilibe zipangizo zamakono. Ngakhale mafakitale ena akufufuza ndi kupanga chiyero chapamwambabariumcarbonate, kukhazikika kwake ndi kosauka. Pazinthu zoyeretsedwa kwambiri, China ikufunikanso kuitanitsa kuchokera kumakampani monga Germany, Italy, ndi Japan. Kuphatikiza apo, m'zaka zaposachedwa, mayiko ena akhala ogulitsa atsopanobariumcarbonate, monga Russia, Brazil, South Korea, ndi Mexico, zomwe zimabweretsa kuchulukirachulukira padziko lonse lapansibariummsika wa carbonate, womwe wakhudza kwambiri Chinabariummakampani carbonate. Opanga ndi okonzeka kuchepetsa mitengo kuti apulumuke. Nthawi yomweyo, mabizinesi aku China omwe amatumiza kunja akukumananso ndi zofufuza zotsutsana ndi kutaya kuchokera kunja. Ndi kuwongolera kosalekeza kwa zofunikira zachitetezo cha chilengedwe, zinabariummabizinesi opanga mchere ku China nawonso akukumana ndi zovuta zoteteza chilengedwe. Pofuna kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha Chinabariummakampani amchere,bariummabizinesi opanga mchere ku China ayenera kutenga chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi chitetezo monga maziko, kufufuza mosalekeza ndikuyambitsa matekinoloje apamwamba, ndikupanga zatsopano zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zanthawiyo komanso zokhala ndiukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri.

Kupanga ndi Kutumiza Kutumiza kwa Barite ku China

Malinga ndi deta yochokera ku United States Geological Survey, kupanga barite ku China kunali pafupifupi matani 41 miliyoni mu 2014. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zachikhalidwe zaku China, kuyambira Januware mpaka December 2014, China idatumiza ma kilogalamu 92588597 abariumsulphate, kuwonjezeka kwa 0,18% poyerekeza ndi nthawi yomweyi chaka chatha. Ndalama zotumizira kunja zinali 65496598 madola aku US, kuwonjezeka kwa 20.99% poyerekeza ndi nthawi yomweyi chaka chatha. Mtengo wa katundu wogulitsidwa kunja unali 0.71 US dollars pa kilogalamu, kuwonjezeka kwa madola 0.12 US pa kilogalamu poyerekeza ndi nthawi yomweyi chaka chatha. Pakati pawo, mu December 2014, China kunja 8768648 makilogalamu abariumsulphate, kuwonjezeka kwa 8.19% poyerekeza ndi nthawi yomweyi chaka chatha. Ndalama zotumizira kunja zinali 8385141 madola aku US, kuwonjezeka kwa 5.1% poyerekeza ndi nthawi yomweyi chaka chatha.

Malinga ndi deta yaku China, mu June 2015, China idatumiza matani 170000 abariumsulphate, kuchepa kwa 1.7% poyerekeza ndi nthawi yomweyi chaka chatha; Mu theka loyamba la chaka, kuchuluka kwa katundu wogulitsa kunja kunali matani 1.12 miliyoni, kuchepa kwa 6.8% poyerekeza ndi nthawi yomweyi chaka chatha; Kutumiza komweku komweku kunatsika ndi 5.4% ndi 9% motsatana poyerekeza ndi nthawi yomweyi chaka chatha.

3, Kugawa ndi Kupanga kwa Barium (Barite) Resources

1. Kugawa zinthu za barium

Zomwe zili mubariummu kutumphuka ndi 0.05%, kusanja 14th. Mchere waukulu m'chilengedwe ndi barite (bariumsulphate BaSO4) ndi kuuma (bariumcarbonate BaCO3). Pakati pawo, barite ndi mchere wambiri wa barium, womwe umapangidwa ndibariumsulphate ndipo imapezeka mumitsempha yotsika kwambiri ya hydrothermal, monga mitsempha ya quartz barite, mitsempha ya fluorite barite, etc. Toxicite ndi china chachikulu.bariumokhala ndi mchere mu chilengedwe, kuwonjezera pa barite, ndi chigawo chake chachikulu ndibariumcarbonate.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa United States Geological Survey mu 2015, gwero la barite padziko lonse lapansi ndi pafupifupi matani 2 biliyoni, omwe matani 740 miliyoni atsimikiziridwa. Malo osungira a barite padziko lonse lapansi ndi matani 350 miliyoni. China ndi dziko lomwe lili ndi zinthu zambiri za barite. Mayiko ena omwe ali ndi chuma cholemera cha barite ndi Kazakhstan, Türkiye, India, Thailand, United States ndi Mexico. Magwero otchuka a barite padziko lonse lapansi ndi Westman Land ku UK, Felsbonne ku Romania, Saxony ku Germany, Tianzhu ku Guizhou, Heifenggou ku Gansu, Gongxi ku Hunan, Liulin ku Hubei, Xiangzhou ku Guangxi, ndi Shuiping ku Shaanxi.

Malinga ndi zomwe bungwe la United States Geological Survey linanena mu 2015, kupanga barite padziko lonse kunali matani 9.23 miliyoni mu 2013 ndipo kunawonjezeka kufika matani 9.26 miliyoni mu 2014. , zomwe zikuwerengera pafupifupi 44.3% ya zonse zomwe zimapangidwa padziko lonse lapansi. India, Morocco, ndi United States ali achiwiri, achitatu, ndi achinayi motsatana, ndikupanga matani 1.6 miliyoni, matani 1 miliyoni, ndi matani 720000.

2. KugawaBariumResources ku China

China ndi wolemerabariumchuma chamtengo wapatali, chomwe chikuyembekezeredwa kuti chisungidwe chonse cha matani 1 biliyoni. Kuphatikiza apo, kalasi ya barium ore ndiyokwera kwambiri, ndipo nkhokwe zake ndi kupanga kwake zili pamalo oyamba padziko lapansi. Chofala kwambiribariumokhala ndi mchere mu chilengedwe ndi barite. Malo osungira padziko lonse a barite ndi matani 350 miliyoni, pomwe malo osungiramo barite ku China ndi matani 100 miliyoni, omwe amawerengera pafupifupi 29% ya nkhokwe zonse zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kukhala woyamba padziko lapansi.

Malinga ndi zomwe zili mu "Exploration of the Main Mineral Concentration Areas and Resource Potential of China's Barite Mines" (Chemical Mineral Geology, 2010), China ili ndi chuma chochuluka cha barite, chomwe chimagawidwa m'zigawo 24 (zigawo) m'dziko lonselo, ndi malo osungiramo zinthu komanso kupanga. choyamba mu dziko. Pali madera a migodi 195 omwe ali ndi nkhokwe zotsimikizika ku China, okhala ndi nkhokwe yotsimikizika yokwana matani 390 miliyoni a ore. Kuchokera kuchigawo (m'chigawo) kugawa kwa barite, Chigawo cha Guizhou chili ndi migodi yambiri ya barite, yomwe imakhala ndi 34% ya nkhokwe zonse za dziko; Hunan, Guangxi, Gansu, Shaanxi ndi zigawo zina (zigawo) zimatenga malo achiwiri. Zigawo zisanu zomwe zili pamwambazi ndi 80% ya nkhokwe za dziko. Mtundu wa dipoziti makamaka ndi sedimentary, kuwerengera 60% ya nkhokwe zonse. Kuphatikiza apo, palinso mitundu yowongolera (endogenetic), volcanic sedimentary, hydrothermal, ndi weathered (otsalira otsetsereka). Nthawi ya mineralization makamaka inali nthawi ya Paleozoic, ndipo ma depositi a barite adapangidwanso munthawi ya Sinian ndi Mesozoic Cenozoic.

Makhalidwe a Barite Mineral Resources ku China

Kuchokera pamawonedwe ochulukira, mchere wa barite ku China umagawidwa makamaka m'chigawo chapakati; Pankhani ya kalasi, pafupifupi mchere wonse wolemera umakhazikika ku Guizhou ndi Guangxi; Kutengera kuchuluka kwa ore deposit, ma depositi aku China amakhala akulu komanso apakatikati. Madera awiri okha a migodi a Guizhou Tianzhu Dahe Bian ndi Hunan Xinhuang Gongxi ndi omwe amakhala ndi malo opitilira theka la maderawa. Nthawi zambiri, mtundu umodzi wa barite ndiye mtundu waukulu wa ore, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mchere ndi kapangidwe kake kumakhala kosavuta komanso koyera, monga mgodi wa Hunan Xinhuang Gongxi barite. Kuphatikiza apo, palinso nkhokwe zazikulu zama minerals ogwirizana omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito mokwanira.

4, Kupanga ndondomeko ya barium

1. Kukonzekera kwabarium

Kupanga zitsulo za barium mu makampani kumaphatikizapo njira ziwiri: kupanga barium oxide ndi kupanga zitsulo zazitsulo kudzera muzitsulo zochepetsera kutentha kwazitsulo (aluminothermic reduction).

(1) Kukonzekera kwabariumoxide

Mwala wapamwamba kwambiri wa barite poyamba umafunika kusankha pamanja ndi kuyandama, kutsatiridwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwachitsulo ndi silicon kuti mupeze chidwi chokhala ndi zoposa 96%.bariumsulphate. Sakanizani ufa wa mchere ndi tinthu ting'onoting'ono tosakwana 20 mesh ndi malasha kapena mafuta a coke ufa mu chiŵerengero cholemera cha 4: 1, ndi calcine pa 1100 ℃ mu ng'anjo yotentha.Bariumsulphate amasinthidwa kukhala barium sulfide (yomwe imadziwika kuti "black ash"), yomwe imayikidwa ndi madzi otentha kuti ipeze yankho la barium sulfide. Kuti atembenuke barium sulfide mu barium carbonate mpweya, m'pofunika kuwonjezera sodium carbonate kapena kuyambitsa mpweya woipa mu barium sulfide amadzimadzi njira. Sakanizani barium carbonate ndi carbon powder ndi calcine pamwamba pa 800 ℃ kuti mupeze barium oxide. Dziwani kuti barium oxide oxidizes kupanga barium peroxide pa 500-700 ℃, ndi barium peroxide akhoza kuwola kupanga.bariumoxide pa 700-800 ℃. Choncho, kupewa kupanga barium peroxide, mankhwala calcined ayenera utakhazikika kapena kuzimitsidwa pansi inert mpweya chitetezo.

(2) Kupanga kwazitsulo za bariumndi aluminothermic kuchepetsa njira

Pali machitidwe awiri pakuchepetsa kwa aluminiyumubariumoxide chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana:

6BaO+2Al → 3BaO • Al2O3+3Ba ↑

Kapena: 4BaO+2Al → BaO • Al2O3+3Ba ↑

Pa kutentha kuyambira 1000 mpaka 1200 ℃, zochita ziwirizi zimapanga zochepa kwambiri.barium, kotero m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito pampu vacuum mosalekeza kusamutsabariumnthunzi kuchokera kumalo ochitirapo kanthu kupita ku condensation zone kuti zomwe zimachitika zipitirire kumanja. Chotsaliracho chikachitika ndi poizoni ndipo chikhoza kutayidwa pambuyo pa chithandizo.

2. Kukonzekera wamba barium mankhwala

(1) Kukonzekera njira yabariumcarbonate

① Njira ya carbonization

Njira ya carbonization makamaka imaphatikizapo kusakaniza barite ndi malasha mu gawo linalake, kuwaphwanya mu ng'anjo yozungulira, ndikuwotcha ndi kuwachepetsa pa 1100-1200 ℃ kuti asungunuke barium sulfide. Mpweya wa carbon dioxide umalowetsedwa m'thupibariumsulfide njira yothetsera carbonization, ndi analandirabariumcarbonate slurry imatsukidwa ndi desulfurization ndikusefedwa kwa vacuum. Kenako, amawuma ndikuphwanyidwa pa 300 ℃ kuti apeze chomaliza cha barium carbonate. Njirayi imatengedwa ndi ambiri opanga chifukwa cha njira yake yosavuta komanso yotsika mtengo.

② Njira yowonongeka yowonongeka

Chomaliza chabariumcarbonate ikhoza kupezedwa ndi kuwonongeka kwawiri pakati pa barium sulfide ndi ammonium carbonate, kapena ndi zomwe zimachitika pakati pa barium chloride ndi potaziyamu carbonate. Zotsatira zake zimatsukidwa, zosefedwa, zouma, etc.

③ Lamulo la Toxic Heavy Petrochemical

Poizoni heavy ore ufa amakhudzidwa ndi ammonium mchere kuti apange kusungunukabariummchere, ndi ammonium carbonate ndi recycled ntchito. Zosungunukabariummchere umawonjezeredwa ku ammonium carbonate kuti upangitse mpweya woyengedwa wa barium carbonate, womwe umasefedwa ndikuwumitsidwa kuti upange chinthu chomaliza. Kuonjezera apo, mowa wa mayi wopezeka ukhoza kubwezeredwa ndi kugwiritsidwanso ntchito.

(2) Kukonzekera njira yabariumtitanate

① Njira yokhazikika

Bariumtitanate ikhoza kukonzedwa ndi calciningbariumcarbonate ndi titaniyamu woipa, amene akhoza doped ndi zinthu zina zilizonse.

② Njira yochepetsera mpweya

Sungunulanibariumchloride ndi titaniyamu tetrachloride mu osakaniza ofanana zinthu, kutentha kwa 70 ° C, ndiyeno kusiya oxalic asidi kupeza mpweya wa hydrated.bariumtitanate [BaTiO (C2O4) 2-4H2O]. Sambani, ziume, ndiyeno pyrolysis kupeza barium titanate.

(3) Kukonzekera njira yabariumkloridi

Njira yopangabariumchloride makamaka imaphatikizapo njira ya hydrochloric acid,bariumnjira ya carbonate, njira ya calcium chloride, ndi njira ya magnesium chloride malinga ndi njira zosiyanasiyana kapena zipangizo.

① Njira ya Hydrochloric acid.

②Bariumnjira ya carbonate. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku mwala wofota (barium carbonate) ngati zopangira.

③ Njira ya calcium chloride. Kuchepetsa kusakaniza kwa barite ndi calcium chloride ndi carbon.

Kuphatikiza apo, pali njira ya magnesium chloride. Kukonzekera ndi kuchizabariumsulfide ndi magnesium chloride.