Pali mtundu wina wachitsulo womwe ndi wamatsenga kwambiri. M'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, imawoneka ngati yamadzimadzi ngati mercury. Ukagwetsera pachitini, mungadabwe kupeza kuti botololo limakhala losalimba ngati pepala, ndipo limathyoka ndi kubowola. Kuonjezera apo, kuponya pazitsulo monga mkuwa ndi chitsulo kumayambitsanso vutoli, lomwe lingathe kutchedwa "metal terminator". Kodi n'chiyani chimachititsa kuti likhale ndi makhalidwe amenewa? Lero tidzalowa m'dziko la chitsulo gallium.
1. Kodi chinthu ndi chiyanichitsulo cha gallium
Gallium element ili mu gulu lachinayi la IIIA mu gulu la periodic la zinthu. Malo osungunuka a gallium oyera ndi otsika kwambiri, 29.78 ℃ okha, koma malo owira ndi okwera ngati 2204.8 ℃. M'chilimwe, zambiri zimakhala ngati madzi ndipo zimatha kusungunuka zikaikidwa m'manja. Kuchokera pamwambapa, titha kumvetsetsa kuti gallium imatha kuwononga zitsulo zina ndendende chifukwa cha kutsika kwake kosungunuka. Madzi a gallium amapanga aloyi ndi zitsulo zina, zomwe ndizochitika zamatsenga zomwe tazitchula kale. Zomwe zili mu kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi ndi pafupifupi 0.001%, ndipo kukhalapo kwake sikunapezeke mpaka zaka 140 zapitazo. Mu 1871, katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Russia Mendeleev anafotokozera mwachidule tebulo la periodic la zinthu ndipo ananeneratu kuti pambuyo pa nthaka, palinso chinthu chomwe chili pansi pa aluminiyamu, chomwe chili ndi zinthu zofanana ndi aluminiyumu ndipo chimatchedwa "aluminium ngati element". Mu 1875, pamene wasayansi wa ku France Bowabordland amaphunzira za malamulo amtundu wazitsulo zamtundu womwewo, adapeza gulu lowala lachilendo mu sphalerite (ZnS), kotero adapeza "aluminium ngati element", ndipo adayitcha dzina la dziko lakwawo. France (Gaul, Latin Gallia), yokhala ndi chizindikiro Ga kuyimira chinthu ichi, motero gallium idakhala chinthu choyamba choloseredwa m'mbiri ya kupezeka kwa zinthu zamankhwala, kenako adapeza chinthu chotsimikizika pakuyesa.
Gallium imagawidwa makamaka ku China, Germany, France, Australia, Kazakhstan ndi mayiko ena padziko lapansi, pomwe nkhokwe za China za gallium zimapitilira 95% yapadziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimagawidwa ku Shanxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Henan, Guangxi. ndi malo ena [1]. Pankhani ya mtundu wogawa, Shanxi, Shandong ndi malo ena makamaka amakhala mu bauxite, Yunnan ndi malo ena mu malata ore, ndipo Hunan ndi malo ena amakhalapo makamaka mu sphalerite. Kumayambiriro kwa kupezeka kwa chitsulo cha gallium, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa kafukufuku wofanana pa ntchito yake, anthu akhala akukhulupirira kuti ndi chitsulo chokhala ndi mphamvu zochepa. Komabe, ndikukula kosalekeza kwa ukadaulo wazidziwitso komanso nthawi ya mphamvu zatsopano ndiukadaulo wapamwamba, chitsulo cha gallium chalandira chidwi ngati chinthu chofunikira pazambiri, ndipo kufunikira kwake kwakulanso kwambiri.
2, Minda Yogwiritsira Ntchito Metal Gallium
1. Munda wa semiconductor
Gallium imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazinthu za semiconductor, ndi zinthu za gallium arsenide (GaAs) zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndipo ukadaulo ndi wokhwima kwambiri. Monga chonyamulira chofalitsa zidziwitso, zida za semiconductor zimatenga 80% mpaka 85% yazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa gallium, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polumikizirana opanda zingwe. Gallium arsenide amplifiers amphamvu amatha kuonjezera liwiro la kutumizirana mauthenga ku nthawi za 100 kuposa maukonde a 4G, omwe angakhale ndi gawo lofunikira polowa mu nthawi ya 5G. Kuphatikiza apo, gallium imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati sing'anga yotenthetsera kutentha m'magawo a semiconductor chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake otentha, malo otsika osungunuka, matenthedwe apamwamba, komanso kuyenda bwino. Kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo cha gallium mu mawonekedwe a aloyi yochokera ku gallium muzinthu zopangira matenthedwe kumatha kupititsa patsogolo kuthekera kwa kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono komanso mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi.
2. Maselo a dzuwa
Kukula kwa ma cell a solar kwachoka ku cell cell ya solar ya monocrystalline silicon kupita ku cellcrystalline silicon yopyapyala. Chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwa ma cell a polycrystalline silicon woonda kwambiri, ofufuza apeza ma cell a copper indium gallium selenium selenium thin film (CIGS) mu zida za semiconductor [3]. Maselo a CIGS ali ndi ubwino wokhala ndi ndalama zochepa zopangira, kupanga batch yaikulu, ndi kutembenuka kwakukulu kwa photoelectric, motero kukhala ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu cha chitukuko. Kachiwiri, ma cell a solar a gallium arsenide ali ndi zabwino zambiri pakutembenuka mtima poyerekeza ndi maselo oonda amafilimu opangidwa ndi zida zina. Komabe, chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwa zida za gallium arsenide, pakali pano zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka muzamlengalenga ndi zankhondo.
3. Mphamvu ya haidrojeni
Chifukwa cha kuchulukirachulukira kwa vuto la mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi, anthu akufuna kusintha magwero amphamvu omwe sali ongowonjezwdwa, omwe mphamvu ya haidrojeni imawonekera. Komabe, kukwera mtengo komanso chitetezo chochepa cha hydrogen yosungirako ndi zoyendera zimalepheretsa chitukuko chaukadaulo uwu. Monga zitsulo zambiri mu kutumphuka, zotayidwa akhoza kuchita ndi madzi kupanga haidrojeni pansi pa zinthu zina, amene ali abwino wa haidrojeni yosungirako zakuthupi, Komabe, chifukwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni mosavuta padziko zitsulo zotayidwa kupanga wandiweyani zotayidwa okusayidi filimu. , zomwe zimalepheretsa kuchitapo kanthu, ofufuza apeza kuti zitsulo zotsika kwambiri zosungunuka zimatha kupanga alloy ndi aluminiyamu, ndipo gallium imatha kusungunula aluminium pamwamba. ❖ kuyanika kwa okusayidi, kulola kuti zomwe zikuchitikazo zipitirire [4], ndipo gallium yachitsulo imatha kubwezeredwa ndikugwiritsidwanso ntchito. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa aluminium gallium alloy alloy kumathetsa kwambiri vuto la kukonzekera mofulumira ndi kusungirako kotetezeka ndi kayendedwe ka mphamvu ya haidrojeni, kukonza chitetezo, chuma, ndi kuteteza chilengedwe.
4. Ntchito zachipatala
Gallium imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazachipatala chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake apadera a radiation, omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pojambula ndi kuletsa zotupa zoyipa. Mankhwala a Gallium ali ndi ntchito zodziwikiratu za antifungal ndi antibacterial, ndipo pamapeto pake amakwaniritsa zoletsa posokoneza kagayidwe ka bakiteriya. Ndipo ma aloyi a gallium angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zoyezera kutentha, monga zoyezera tini za gallium indium, mtundu watsopano wa aloyi wazitsulo wamadzimadzi womwe ndi wotetezeka, wopanda poizoni, komanso wokonda zachilengedwe, ndipo ungagwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo mwa zoyezera zakupha za mercury. Kuphatikiza apo, gawo lina la aloyi wopangidwa ndi gallium limalowa m'malo mwa silver amalgam yachikhalidwe ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala opangira mano.
3, Outlook
Ngakhale kuti dziko la China lili m’gulu la anthu amene amapanga gallium padziko lonse, pali mavuto ambiri pamakampani a ku China. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa gallium monga mchere wothandizana nawo, mabizinesi opanga gallium amwazikana, ndipo pali maulalo ofooka mumayendedwe a mafakitale. Ntchito ya migodi ili ndi kuipitsidwa kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe, ndipo mphamvu yopangira gallium yoyera kwambiri ndi yofooka, makamaka kudalira kutumiza gallium yolimba pamitengo yotsika komanso kuitanitsa gallium yoyengedwa pamitengo yokwera. Komabe, ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ndi luso lamakono, kusintha kwa moyo wa anthu, ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kofala kwa gallium pankhani ya chidziwitso ndi mphamvu, kufunikira kwa gallium kudzawonjezekanso mofulumira. Ukadaulo wobwerera m'mbuyo wa high-purity gallium mosakayikira udzakhala ndi zolepheretsa chitukuko cha mafakitale ku China. Kupanga matekinoloje atsopano ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti tikwaniritse chitukuko chapamwamba cha sayansi ndiukadaulo ku China.
Nthawi yotumiza: May-17-2023