Chifukwa cha chain chain ndi zovuta zachilengedwe, dipatimenti ya Tesla powertrain ikugwira ntchito molimbika kuchotsa maginito osowa padziko lapansi pamakina ndipo ikuyang'ana njira zina zothetsera.
Tesla sanapangebe maginito atsopano, kotero amatha kuchita ndi ukadaulo womwe ulipo, makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito ferrite yotsika mtengo komanso yopangidwa mosavuta.
Poyika mosamala maginito a ferrite ndikusintha mbali zina zamapangidwe agalimoto, zizindikiro zambiri zamachitidwe adziko losowamagalimoto oyendetsa akhoza kubwerezedwa. Pankhaniyi, kulemera kwa galimoto kumangowonjezera pafupifupi 30%, zomwe zingakhale zosiyana pang'ono poyerekeza ndi kulemera kwa galimoto.
4. Zida zatsopano za maginito ziyenera kukhala ndi zinthu zitatu zotsatirazi: 1) ziyenera kukhala ndi maginito; 2) Pitirizani kusunga magnetism pamaso pa maginito ena; 3) Imatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri.
Malinga ndi Tencent Technology News, wopanga magalimoto amagetsi Tesla wanena kuti zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka sizidzagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'magalimoto ake, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mainjiniya a Tesla akuyenera kumasula luso lawo lopeza njira zina.
Mwezi watha, Elon Musk adatulutsa "Gawo Lachitatu la Master Plan" pamwambo wa Tesla Investor Day. Pakati pawo, pali pang'ono pang'ono zomwe zachititsa chidwi m'munda wa physics. Colin Campbell, wamkulu mu dipatimenti ya powertrain ya Tesla, adalengeza kuti gulu lake likuchotsa maginito osowa padziko lapansi pamakina chifukwa chazovuta komanso zovuta zopanga maginito osowa padziko lapansi.
Kuti akwaniritse cholinga ichi, Campbell anapereka zithunzi ziwiri zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zitatu zosadziwika bwino zomwe zimatchedwa rare earth 1, rare earth 2, ndi rare earth 3. Slide yoyamba ikuyimira zochitika zamakono za Tesla, kumene kuchuluka kwa dziko lapansi losowa lomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kampani pa galimoto iliyonse. kuyambira theka la kilogalamu mpaka 10 g. Pa slide yachiwiri, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zinthu zonse zopezeka padziko lapansi kwachepetsedwa mpaka ziro.
Kwa akatswiri a maginito omwe amaphunzira mphamvu zamatsenga zopangidwa ndi kayendedwe ka pakompyuta muzinthu zina, kudziwika kwa dziko losowa 1 ndi losavuta kuzindikira, lomwe ndi neodymium. Mukawonjezeredwa kuzinthu zodziwika bwino monga chitsulo ndi boron, chitsulo ichi chingathandize kupanga mphamvu, nthawi zonse pa maginito. Koma zida zochepa zomwe zili ndimtunduwu, komanso zinthu zochepa zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimapanga maginito zomwe zimatha kusuntha magalimoto a Tesla olemera ma kilogalamu 2000, komanso zinthu zina zambiri kuchokera ku maloboti akumafakitale kupita ku ndege zankhondo. Ngati Tesla akufuna kuchotsa neodymium ndi zinthu zina zosowa zapadziko lapansi pagalimoto, ndi maginito ati omwe angagwiritse ntchito?
Kwa akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo, chinthu chimodzi ndi chotsimikizika: Tesla sanapange mtundu watsopano wa maginito. Andy Blackburn, Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa Strategy ku NIron Magnets, adati, "Pazaka zopitilira 100, titha kukhala ndi mwayi wopeza maginito atsopano." NIron Magnets ndi amodzi mwa oyambitsa ochepa omwe akuyesera kutenga mwayi wotsatira.
Blackburn ndi ena amakhulupirira kuti ndizotheka kuti Tesla waganiza zopanga maginito opanda mphamvu kwambiri. Pakati pa zotheka zambiri, woyenera kwambiri ndi ferrite: ceramic yopangidwa ndi chitsulo ndi mpweya, wosakanikirana ndi chitsulo chochepa monga strontium. Ndizotsika mtengo komanso zosavuta kupanga, ndipo kuyambira m'ma 1950, zitseko za firiji padziko lonse lapansi zapangidwa motere.
Koma ponena za voliyumu, maginito a ferrite ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a maginito a neodymium, omwe amadzutsa mafunso atsopano. Mtsogoleri wamkulu wa Tesla Elon Musk wakhala akudziwika kuti ndi wosasunthika, koma ngati Tesla adzasintha kupita ku ferrite, zikuwoneka kuti zovomerezeka zina ziyenera kupangidwa.
N'zosavuta kukhulupirira kuti mabatire ndi mphamvu ya magalimoto amagetsi, koma zenizeni, ndi kuyendetsa galimoto yamagetsi yomwe imayendetsa magalimoto amagetsi. Sizodabwitsa kuti kampani ya Tesla ndi maginito "Tesla" amatchulidwa ndi munthu yemweyo. Ma elekitironi akamayenda m'makoyilo a injini, amapanga mphamvu ya maginito yomwe imayendetsa mphamvu ya maginito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti shaft ya injiniyo izizungulira ndi mawilo.
Kwa mawilo am'mbuyo a magalimoto a Tesla, mphamvuzi zimaperekedwa ndi ma motors okhala ndi maginito osatha, zinthu zachilendo zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yokhazikika komanso palibe zomwe zilipo panopa, chifukwa cha kuyendayenda kwanzeru kwa ma electron kuzungulira ma atomu. Tesla adangoyamba kuwonjezera maginito awa m'magalimoto pafupifupi zaka zisanu zapitazo, kuti achulukitse mawonekedwe ndikuwonjezera torque popanda kukweza batire. Izi zisanachitike, kampaniyo idagwiritsa ntchito ma induction motors opangidwa mozungulira ma electromagnets, omwe amapanga maginito pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi. Mitundu yomwe ili ndi ma mota akutsogolo ikugwiritsabe ntchito motere.
Kusuntha kwa Tesla kusiya dziko lapansi ndi maginito osowa kumawoneka kwachilendo. Makampani oyendetsa galimoto nthawi zambiri amakhudzidwa ndi ntchito zogwira mtima, makamaka pankhani ya magalimoto amagetsi, kumene akuyesabe kukopa madalaivala kuti athetse mantha awo osiyanasiyana. Koma pamene opanga magalimoto ayamba kukulitsa kukula kwa magalimoto amagetsi, mapulojekiti ambiri omwe poyamba ankawoneka kuti alibe mphamvu akuyambanso.
Izi zapangitsa opanga magalimoto, kuphatikiza Tesla, kupanga magalimoto ambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mabatire a lithiamu iron phosphate (LFP). Poyerekeza ndi mabatire omwe ali ndi zinthu monga cobalt ndi faifi tambala, mitundu iyi nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zazifupi. Iyi ndi teknoloji yakale yokhala ndi kulemera kwakukulu komanso kusungirako kochepa. Pakalipano, Model 3 yoyendetsedwa ndi mphamvu yotsika kwambiri ili ndi ma 272 mailosi (pafupifupi makilomita 438), pamene Model S yakutali yokhala ndi mabatire apamwamba kwambiri imatha kufika 400 miles (640 kilomita). Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito batire ya lithiamu iron phosphate kungakhale chisankho chanzeru cha bizinesi, chifukwa chimapewa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zodula komanso zowopsa zandale.
Komabe, Tesla sangathe kungosintha maginito ndi china chake choyipa, monga ferrite, osapanga kusintha kwina kulikonse. Katswiri wa sayansi ya sayansi ya ku yunivesite ya Uppsala Alaina Vishna anati, “Mudzanyamula maginito aakulu m’galimoto yanu. Mwamwayi, ma mota amagetsi ndi makina ovuta kwambiri okhala ndi zinthu zina zambiri zomwe zimatha kusinthidwanso kuti zichepetse mphamvu yogwiritsa ntchito maginito ofooka.
Mumitundu yamakompyuta, kampani yakuthupi Proterial posachedwapa yatsimikiza kuti zizindikiro zambiri zamagalimoto osowa padziko lapansi zitha kutsatiridwa poyika mosamala maginito a ferrite ndikusintha mbali zina zamagalimoto. Pankhaniyi, kulemera kwa galimoto kumangowonjezera pafupifupi 30%, zomwe zingakhale zosiyana pang'ono poyerekeza ndi kulemera kwake kwa galimoto.
Ngakhale mutu ukupweteka, makampani amagalimoto akadali ndi zifukwa zambiri zosiya zinthu zachilendo padziko lapansi, malinga ngati atha kutero. Mtengo wa msika wapadziko lonse wosowa padziko lapansi ndi wofanana ndi msika wa dzira ku United States, ndipo mwachidziwitso, zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka zimatha kukumbidwa, kusinthidwa, ndikusinthidwa kukhala maginito padziko lonse lapansi, koma zenizeni, njirazi zimapereka zovuta zambiri.
Wofufuza za migodi komanso wolemba mabulogu wodziwika bwino wowona zapadziko lapansi a Thomas Krumer adati, "Iyi ndi bizinesi ya $ 10 biliyoni, koma mtengo wazinthu zomwe zimapangidwa chaka chilichonse zimachokera ku $ 2 thililiyoni mpaka $ 3 thililiyoni, yomwe ndi chiwongolero chachikulu. Momwemonso pamagalimoto. Ngakhale atakhala ndi ma kilogalamu ochepa chabe a chinthu ichi, kuwachotsa kumatanthauza kuti magalimoto sangathenso kuthamanga pokhapokha ngati mukufuna kukonzanso injini yonse.
United States ndi Europe akuyesera kusiyanitsa njira zoperekera izi. Mabomba a ku California, omwe anatsekedwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2100, atsegulidwanso posachedwapa ndipo pakali pano akupereka 15% ya zinthu zomwe sizipezeka padziko lonse lapansi. Ku United States, mabungwe aboma (makamaka dipatimenti yachitetezo) amayenera kupereka maginito amphamvu pazida monga ndege ndi ma satelayiti, ndipo ali okondwa kuyika ndalama zogulira m'nyumba komanso m'magawo monga Japan ndi Europe. Koma poganizira za mtengo, ukadaulo wofunikira, ndi zovuta zachilengedwe, iyi ndi njira yocheperako yomwe imatha zaka zingapo kapena makumi angapo.
Nthawi yotumiza: May-11-2023