Europium, chizindikiro ndi Eu, ndipo nambala ya Atomiki ndi 63. Monga membala wamba wa Lanthanide, europium nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi + 3 valence, koma oxygen +2 valence imakhalanso yofala. Pali mankhwala ochepa a europium okhala ndi valence state ya +2. Poyerekeza ndi zitsulo zina zolemera, europium ilibe zotsatira zachilengedwe ndipo ilibe poizoni. Ntchito zambiri za europium zimagwiritsa ntchito phosphorescence zotsatira za mankhwala a Europium. Europium ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zochepa kwambiri m'chilengedwe chonse; Pali pafupifupi 5 mu chilengedwe × 10-8% ya chinthu ndi europium.
Europium ilipo mu monazite
Kupezeka kwa Europium
Nkhaniyi imayamba kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19: panthawiyo, asayansi abwino kwambiri anayamba kudzaza malo otsala mu tebulo la nthawi ya Mendeleev pofufuza mawonekedwe a Atomic emission. Masiku ano, ntchitoyi si yovuta, ndipo wophunzira wamaphunziro apamwamba atha kumaliza; Koma panthawiyo, asayansi anali ndi zida zodziwika bwino komanso zitsanzo zomwe zinali zovuta kuziyeretsa. Choncho, m’mbiri yonse ya kutulukira kwa Lanthanide, onse otulukira “quasi” anapitirizabe kunena zabodza ndi kukangana wina ndi mnzake.
Mu 1885, Sir William Crookes adapeza chizindikiro choyamba koma chosadziwika bwino cha gawo 63: adawona mzere wofiyira (609 nm) pachitsanzo cha samarium. Pakati pa 1892 ndi 1893, wotulukira gallium, samarium, ndi dysprosium, Paul é mile LeCoq de Boisbaudran, adatsimikizira gululi ndipo adapeza gulu lina lobiriwira (535 nm).
Kenako, mu 1896, Eug è ne Anatole Demar ç ay moleza mtima analekanitsa samarium oxide ndikutsimikizira kupezeka kwa chinthu chatsopano chosowa padziko lapansi chomwe chili pakati pa samarium ndi gadolinium. Analekanitsa bwino chinthuchi mu 1901, ndikumapeto kwa ulendo wotulukira: "Ndikuyembekeza kutchula chinthu chatsopano ichi Europium, ndi chizindikiro cha Eu ndi Atomic mass of pafupifupi 151."
Kukonzekera kwamagetsi
Masinthidwe amagetsi:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p66s2 4f7
Ngakhale europium nthawi zambiri imakhala yochepa, imakonda kupanga ma divalent compounds. Chodabwitsa ichi ndi chosiyana ndi mapangidwe a +3 valence mankhwala ndi Lanthanide ambiri. Divalent europium ili ndi kasinthidwe kamagetsi ka 4f7, popeza semi yodzazidwa ndi f chipolopolo imapereka bata, ndipo europium (II) ndi barium (II) ndizofanana. Divalent europium ndi yochepetsetsa yochepetsetsa yomwe imatulutsa okosijeni mumlengalenga kuti ipange europium (III). Pansi pa mikhalidwe ya anaerobic, makamaka kutentha, divalent europium imakhala yokhazikika mokwanira ndipo imakonda kuphatikizidwa mu calcium ndi mchere wina wamchere wamchere. Njira yosinthira ionyi ndiyo maziko a "negative europium anomaly", ndiko kuti, poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa Chondrite, mchere wambiri wa lanthanide monga monazite uli ndi europium yochepa. Poyerekeza ndi monazite, bastnaesite nthawi zambiri amawonetsa zolakwika zochepa za europium, kotero bastnaesite ndiyenso gwero lalikulu la europium.
Europium ndi chitsulo chotuwa chachitsulo chomwe chimasungunuka 822 ° C, malo otentha a 1597 ° C, ndi kachulukidwe ka 5.2434 g/cm ³; Ndi chinthu chochepa kwambiri, chofewa, komanso chosasunthika kwambiri pakati pa zinthu zapadziko lapansi. Europium ndi chitsulo chogwira ntchito kwambiri pakati pa zinthu zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi: kutentha kwa firiji, nthawi yomweyo imataya kuwala kwake kwazitsulo mumlengalenga ndipo imatulutsidwa mofulumira kukhala ufa; Yankhani mwamphamvu ndi madzi ozizira kuti mupange mpweya wa haidrojeni; Europium imatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi boron, carbon, sulfure, phosphorous, hydrogen, nitrogen, etc.
Kugwiritsa ntchito Europium
Europium sulfate imatulutsa fluorescence yofiira pansi pa kuwala kwa ultraviolet
Georges Urbain, katswiri wa zamankhwala wachinyamata wodziwika bwino, adalandira chida cha Spectroscopy cha Demar ç ay ndipo adapeza kuti chitsanzo cha Yttrium(III) oxide chopangidwa ndi europium chinatulutsa kuwala kofiira kwambiri mu 1906. Ichi ndi chiyambi cha ulendo wautali wa zipangizo za europium phosphorescent - Osagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha kutulutsa kuwala kofiira, komanso kuwala kwa buluu, chifukwa mawonekedwe a Eu2 + amagwera mkati mwamtunduwu.
Phosphor yopangidwa ndi Eu3 + yofiira, Tb3 + yobiriwira, ndi ma Eu2 + emitter ya buluu, kapena kuphatikiza kwawo, imatha kusintha kuwala kwa ultraviolet kukhala kuwala kowonekera. Zipangizozi zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazida zosiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi: zowonetsera zowonjezera ma X-ray, machubu a cathode ray kapena zowonera m'madzi a m'magazi, komanso nyali zaposachedwa zopulumutsa mphamvu ndi ma diode otulutsa kuwala.
Mphamvu ya fluorescence ya trivalent europium imathanso kuzindikirika ndi mamolekyu onunkhira achilengedwe, ndipo zovuta zotere zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito munthawi zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimafunikira chidwi chachikulu, monga ma inki odana ndi chinyengo ndi ma barcode.
Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1980, europium yakhala ikutsogolera pakuwunika kwamphamvu kwa biopharmaceutical pogwiritsa ntchito njira yozizira ya fluorescence yokhazikika nthawi. M'zipatala zambiri ndi ma laboratories azachipatala, kusanthula koteroko kwakhala chizolowezi. Pakafukufuku wa sayansi ya zamoyo, kuphatikiza kujambula kwachilengedwe, ma probe achilengedwe opangidwa ndi europium ndi Lanthanide ena amapezeka paliponse. Mwamwayi, kilogalamu imodzi ya europium ndi yokwanira kuthandizira pafupifupi biliyoni imodzi - boma la China litaletsa posachedwa kutumiza kunja kwa dziko lapansi, mayiko olemera omwe ali ndi mantha chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zinthu zosungiramo zinthu zapadziko lapansi sayenera kuda nkhawa ndi zoopsa zomwezo.
Europium oxide imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati Phosphor yolimbikitsidwa munjira yatsopano yachipatala ya X-ray. Europium oxide itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga magalasi achikuda ndi zosefera za optoelectronic, pazida zosungiramo maginito, komanso pakuwongolera zida, zotchingira, ndi zida zamapangidwe a ma atomiki. Chifukwa maatomu ake amatha kuyamwa ma neutroni ambiri kuposa chinthu china chilichonse, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinthu choyamwa ma neutroni m'maatomu.
M'dziko lamasiku ano lomwe likukula mwachangu, kugwiritsa ntchito europium komwe kwapezeka posachedwa kungakhale ndi zotsatirapo zake paulimi. Asayansi apeza kuti mapulasitiki okhala ndi divalent europium ndi univalent mkuwa amatha kusintha bwino mbali ya ultraviolet ya dzuwa kukhala kuwala kowoneka. Njirayi ndi yobiriwira (ndi mitundu yofananira yofiira). Kugwiritsa ntchito pulasitiki yamtunduwu pomanga nyumba yotenthetsera kutentha kumatha kupangitsa kuti mbewu zizitha kuyamwa kuwala kowoneka bwino ndikuwonjezera zokolola pafupifupi 10%.
Europium itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ku quantum memory chips, yomwe imatha kusunga chidziwitso kwa masiku angapo nthawi imodzi. Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti chidziwitso cha quantum chisungidwe mu chipangizo chofanana ndi hard disk ndikutumizidwa kudera lonselo.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-27-2023