M'dziko lamatsenga la chemistry,bariumyakhala ikukopa chidwi cha asayansi ndi chithumwa chake chapadera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwake. Ngakhale kuti chitsulo choyera ngati siliva chimenechi sichinyezimira ngati golide kapena siliva, chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'madera ambiri. Kuchokera ku zida zolondola m'ma laboratories ofufuza zasayansi kupita kuzinthu zazikulu zopangira mafakitale kupita kuzinthu zowunikira zamankhwala, barium adalemba nthano ya chemistry yokhala ndi zinthu zake zapadera ndi ntchito zake.
Kale mu 1602, Cassio Lauro, wosoka nsapato mu mzinda wa ku Italy wa Porra, anawotcha barite yokhala ndi barium sulfate ndi chinthu choyaka poyesera ndipo anadabwa kupeza kuti ikhoza kuwala mumdima. Kupeza kumeneku kunadzetsa chidwi chachikulu pakati pa akatswiri panthaŵiyo, ndipo mwalawo unatchedwa Porra mwala ndipo unakhala cholinga cha kafukufuku wa akatswiri a zamankhwala a ku Ulaya.
Komabe, anali wasayansi waku Sweden Scheele yemwe adatsimikiziradi kuti barium ndi chinthu chatsopano. Anapeza barium oxide mu 1774 ndipo anaitcha "Baryta" (dziko lapansi lolemera). Anaphunzira mozama chinthu ichi ndipo ankakhulupirira kuti chinapangidwa ndi dziko latsopano (osayidi) pamodzi ndi sulfuric acid. Patatha zaka ziwiri, adatenthetsa bwino nitrate ya nthaka yatsopanoyi ndipo adapeza oxide yoyera.
Komabe, ngakhale kuti Scheele anapeza okusayidi wa barium, sizinali mpaka 1808 pamene katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Britain Davy anapanga bwino zitsulo za barium mwa electrolyzing electrolyte yopangidwa kuchokera ku barite. Kupezeka kumeneku kunawonetsa kutsimikiziridwa kovomerezeka kwa barium ngati chinthu chachitsulo, komanso kunatsegula njira yogwiritsira ntchito barium m'madera osiyanasiyana.
Kuyambira pamenepo, anthu akhala akukulitsa kumvetsetsa kwawo kwa barium. Asayansi afufuza zinsinsi za chilengedwe ndikulimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi luso lamakono pophunzira za makhalidwe ndi makhalidwe a barium. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa barium mu kafukufuku wa sayansi, mafakitale, ndi zachipatala kwakhalanso kwakukulu, kubweretsa ubwino ndi chitonthozo ku moyo waumunthu.Chithumwa cha barium sichimangokhalira kuchita, komanso muchinsinsi cha sayansi kumbuyo kwake. Asayansi amafufuza mosalekeza za zinsinsi za chilengedwe ndikulimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo powerenga zamtundu wa barium. Nthawi yomweyo, barium imagwiranso ntchito mwakachetechete m'miyoyo yathu yatsiku ndi tsiku, kubweretsa chisangalalo ndi chitonthozo m'miyoyo yathu.
Tiyeni tiyambe ulendo wamatsenga woyendera barium, kuvumbulutsa chophimba chake chodabwitsa, ndikuyamikira kukongola kwake kwapadera. M'nkhani yotsatirayi, tidzafotokozera momveka bwino za ntchito ndi ntchito za barium, komanso ntchito yake yofunika pa kafukufuku wa sayansi, mafakitale, ndi mankhwala. Ndikukhulupirira kuti powerenga nkhaniyi, mudzakhala ndi chidziwitso chozama komanso chidziwitso cha barium.
1. Ntchito minda ya barium
Barium ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino chamankhwala. Ndichitsulo choyera cha silvery chomwe chilipo mu mawonekedwe a mchere osiyanasiyana m'chilengedwe. Zotsatirazi ndi zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku za barium
Kuwotcha ndi kuwala: Barium ndi chitsulo chosasunthika kwambiri chomwe chimatulutsa lawi lowala likakhudza ammonia kapena mpweya. Izi zimapangitsa kuti barium igwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale monga kupanga zozimitsa moto, ma flares, ndi kupanga phosphor.
Makampani azachipatala: Mankhwala a Barium amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri m'makampani azachipatala. Zakudya za barium (monga mapiritsi a barium) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza m'mimba mwa X-ray kuti athandize madokotala kuona momwe kugaya chakudya kumagwirira ntchito. Mankhwala a Barium amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pamankhwala ena a radioactive, monga ayodini wa radioactive pochiza matenda a chithokomiro.
Galasi ndi Ceramics: Mankhwala a Barium amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magalasi ndi ceramic chifukwa cha malo ake abwino osungunuka komanso kukana dzimbiri. Mankhwala a barium amatha kulimbitsa kuuma ndi mphamvu za zoumba ndipo atha kupereka zinthu zina zapadera za zoumba, monga kutchinjiriza magetsi ndi index refractive mkulu.
Zitsulo Zachitsulo: Barium imatha kupanga ma aloyi ndi zinthu zina zachitsulo, ndipo ma aloyiwa ali ndi zinthu zapadera. Mwachitsanzo, ma aloyi a barium amatha kukulitsa malo osungunuka a aluminiyamu ndi ma aloyi a magnesium, kuwapangitsa kukhala osavuta kukonza ndikuponya. Kuphatikiza apo, ma alloys a barium okhala ndi maginito amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga mbale za batri ndi maginito.
Barium ndi mankhwala omwe ali ndi chizindikiro cha mankhwala Ba ndi nambala ya atomiki 56. Barium ndi zitsulo zamchere zamchere zomwe zili mu gulu la 6 la tebulo la periodic, gulu lalikulu lamagulu.
2. Thupi katundu wa barium
Barium (Ba)ndi alkaline earth metal element. 1. Maonekedwe: Barium ndi chitsulo chofewa, choyera chasiliva chokhala ndi chitsulo chonyezimira chodziwika bwino akadulidwa.
2. Kachulukidwe: Barium ili ndi kachulukidwe kwambiri pafupifupi 3.5 g/cm³. Ndi chimodzi mwa zitsulo zonenepa kwambiri padziko lapansi.
3. Malo osungunuka ndi otentha: Malo osungunuka a barium ndi pafupifupi 727 ° C ndipo malo owira ndi pafupifupi 1897 ° C.
4. Kuuma: Barium ndi chitsulo chofewa kwambiri chokhala ndi Mohs kulimba pafupifupi 1.25 pa 20 digiri Celsius.
5. Conductivity: Barium ndi kondakitala wabwino wa magetsi ndi mkulu madutsidwe magetsi.
6. Ductility: Ngakhale kuti barium ndi chitsulo chofewa, chimakhala ndi mlingo winawake wa ductility ndipo chimatha kupangidwa kukhala mapepala owonda kapena mawaya.
7. Chemical Zochita: Barium sichita mwamphamvu ndi zinthu zambiri zopanda zitsulo ndi zitsulo zambiri pa kutentha kwa chipinda, koma imapanga ma oxides pa kutentha kwakukulu ndi mpweya. Itha kupanga zophatikiza ndi zinthu zambiri zopanda zitsulo, monga ma oxides, sulfides, ndi zina.
8. Mitundu ya kukhalapo: Maminolo okhala ndi barium mu kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi, monga barite (barium sulfate), ndi zina zotero.
9. Radioactivity: Barium ili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya isotopi ya radioactive, yomwe barium-133 ndi isotopu yodziwika bwino yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambula zithunzi zachipatala ndi mankhwala a nyukiliya.
10. Ntchito: Mankhwala a Barium amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale, monga galasi, mphira, zopangira makampani opanga mankhwala, machubu a electron, etc. Sulfate yake nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chosiyana ndi mayeso a zachipatala.Barium ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri chachitsulo, ndipo katundu wake amachititsa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'madera ambiri.
3. Mankhwala a barium
Katundu wachitsulo: Barium ndi chitsulo cholimba chokhala ndi mawonekedwe oyera ngati siliva komanso mphamvu yabwino yamagetsi.
Kachulukidwe ndi malo osungunuka: Barium ndi chinthu chowundana chomwe chimakhala ndi 3.51 g/cm3. Barium ili ndi malo osungunuka otsika pafupifupi 727 degrees Celsius (1341 degrees Fahrenheit).
Zomwe zimachitikanso: Barium imakhudzidwa mwachangu ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe sizitsulo, makamaka ndi ma halojeni (monga klorini ndi bromine), kupanga mabakiteriya ofanana. Mwachitsanzo, barium imakumana ndi klorini kuti ipange barium chloride.
Oxidizability: Barium ikhoza kukhala ndi okosijeni kuti ipange barium oxide. Barium oxide imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale monga kusungunula zitsulo ndi kupanga magalasi. Zochita zambiri: Barium imakhala ndi mankhwala ambiri ndipo imakhudzidwa mosavuta ndi madzi kutulutsa haidrojeni ndikupanga barium hydroxide.
4. Zachilengedwe zimatha barium
Udindo ndi chilengedwe katundu wabariummu zamoyo sizimamveka bwino, koma zimadziwika kuti barium ali ndi kawopsedwe ka zamoyo.
Njira yodyetsera: Anthu amamwa kwambiri barium kudzera m'chakudya ndi madzi akumwa. Zakudya zina zimatha kukhala ndi barium, monga tirigu, nyama, ndi mkaka. Kuphatikiza apo, madzi apansi panthaka nthawi zina amakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa barium.
Kuyamwa kwachilengedwe ndi kagayidwe kake: Barium imatha kutengeka ndi zamoyo ndikugawidwa m'thupi kudzera m'magazi. Barium makamaka amadziunjikira mu impso ndi mafupa, makamaka m'mafupa apamwamba kwambiri.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda: Barium sanapezekebe kuti ali ndi ntchito zofunikira za thupi m'zamoyo. Chifukwa chake, ntchito yachilengedwe ya barium imakhalabe yotsutsana.
5. Zachilengedwe zimatha barium
Poizoni: Kuchuluka kwa ayoni a barium kapena mankhwala a barium kumakhala poizoni m'thupi la munthu. Kumwa kwambiri barium kungayambitse zizindikiro za poizoni, kuphatikizapo kusanza, kutsegula m'mimba, kufooka kwa minofu, arrhythmia, ndi zina zotero. Kupha kwambiri kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha, kuwonongeka kwa impso ndi matenda a mtima.
Kuchulukana kwa Mafupa: Barium imatha kudziunjikira m'mafupa m'thupi la munthu, makamaka okalamba. Kuwonetsedwa kwa nthawi yayitali kwa kuchuluka kwa barium kungayambitse matenda a mafupa monga osteoporosis.
Zotsatira zamtima: Barium, monga sodium, imatha kusokoneza mphamvu ya ion ndi magetsi, zomwe zimakhudza ntchito ya mtima. Kudya kwambiri kwa barium kungayambitse kugunda kwa mtima kwachilendo ndikuwonjezera chiopsezo cha matenda a mtima.
Carcinogenicity: Ngakhale kuti pakadali mkangano wokhudza carcinogenicity ya barium, kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti nthawi yaitali kuwonetseredwa ndi kuchuluka kwa barium kungapangitse chiopsezo cha khansa zina, monga khansa ya m'mimba ndi khansa ya m'mimba. Chifukwa cha kawopsedwe komanso kuopsa kwa barium, anthu ayenera kusamala kuti apewe kudya mopitirira muyeso kapena kukhudzidwa kwanthawi yayitali ndi kuchuluka kwa barium. Kuchuluka kwa barium m'madzi akumwa ndi chakudya kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa ndikuwongolera kuteteza thanzi laumunthu. Ngati mukukayikira kuti muli ndi poizoni kapena muli ndi zizindikiro zina, chonde pitani kuchipatala mwamsanga.
6. Barium mu Chilengedwe
Barium Minerals: Barium ikhoza kukhalapo pansi pa nthaka ngati mchere. Zina mwazomera zamchere za barium zimaphatikizapo barite ndi witherite. Miyala imeneyi nthawi zambiri imapezeka ndi mchere wina, monga lead, zinki, ndi siliva.
Kusungunuka M'madzi Apansi ndi Miyala: Barium imatha kukhala m'madzi apansi ndi miyala m'malo osungunuka. Madzi apansi panthaka amakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa barium yosungunuka, ndipo ndende yake imadalira momwe zinthu zilili komanso momwe madzi amapangidwira. Mchere wa Barium: Barium imatha kupanga mchere wosiyanasiyana, monga barium chloride, barium nitrate ndi barium carbonate. Mankhwalawa amatha kukhalapo mwachilengedwe ngati mchere wachilengedwe.
Zomwe zili m'nthaka:Bariumikhoza kukhalapo m'nthaka m'njira zosiyanasiyana, zina zomwe zimachokera ku kusungunuka kwa tinthu tating'ono ta mchere kapena miyala. Zomwe zili m'nthaka za barium nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa, koma pakhoza kukhala kuchuluka kwa barium m'madera ena.
Kuyenera kudziŵika kuti mawonekedwe ndi zili barium zingasiyane mu malo osiyana nthaka ndi madera, kotero yeniyeni malo ndi zinthu zachilengedwe ayenera kuganiziridwa pokambirana barium.
7. Migodi ya Barium ndi kupanga
Njira yopangira migodi ndi kukonzekera kwa barium nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi izi:
1. Kukumba miyala ya barium: Mchere waukulu wa barium ore ndi barite, womwe umatchedwanso barium sulfate. Nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'nthaka ya dziko lapansi ndipo imagawidwa kwambiri m'miyala ndi mchere padziko lapansi. Kukumba nthawi zambiri kumakhudza njira monga kuphulitsa, kukumba, kuphwanya ndi kuyika miyala kuti ipeze miyala yokhala ndi barium sulfate.
2. Kukonzekera kokhazikika: Kuchotsa barium kuchokera ku miyala ya barium kumafuna chisamaliro chapadera cha zitsulo. Kukonzekera kokhazikika kumaphatikizapo kusankha manja ndi njira zoyandama kuchotsa zonyansa ndikupeza miyala yokhala ndi barium sulfate yopitilira 96%.
3. Kukonzekera kwa barium sulphate: Kukhazikika kumayendetsedwa ndi masitepe monga chitsulo ndi silicon kuchotsa kuti potsirizira pake apeze barium sulfate (BaSO4).
4. Kukonzekera kwa barium sulfide: Pofuna kukonza barium kuchokera ku barium sulfate, barium sulfate iyenera kusinthidwa kukhala barium sulfide, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti black ash. Barium sulphate ore ufa wokhala ndi tinthu ting'onoting'ono tochepera 20 mauna nthawi zambiri umasakanizidwa ndi malasha kapena mafuta a coke ufa pamlingo wolemera wa 4: 1. Kusakaniza kumawotchedwa pa 1100 ℃ mu ng'anjo yamoto, ndipo barium sulfate imachepetsedwa kukhala barium sulfide.
5. Kusungunula barium sulfide: Njira ya barium sulfide ya barium sulfate imatha kupezeka ndi madzi otentha.
6. Kukonzekera kwa barium oxide: Kuti asinthe barium sulfide kukhala barium oxide, sodium carbonate kapena carbon dioxide nthawi zambiri amawonjezeredwa ku barium sulfide solution. Pambuyo kusakaniza barium carbonate ndi mpweya ufa, calcination pamwamba 800 ℃ akhoza kutulutsa barium okusayidi.
7. Kuziziritsa ndi kukonza: Dziwani kuti barium oxide ndi oxidized kupanga barium peroxide pa 500-700 ℃, ndi barium peroxide akhoza kuwola kupanga barium okusayidi pa 700-800 ℃. Pofuna kupewa kupanga barium peroxide, mankhwala calcined ayenera utakhazikika kapena kuzimitsidwa pansi pa chitetezo cha mpweya inert.
Zomwe zili pamwambazi ndizochita migodi ndi kukonzekera kwa barium element. Njirazi zimatha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi momwe mafakitale amagwirira ntchito ndi zida, koma mfundo zonse zimakhala zofanana. Barium ndi chitsulo chofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo makampani opanga mankhwala, mankhwala, zamagetsi ndi zina.
8. Njira zodziwika bwino za barium element
Bariumndi chinthu chofala chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana m'mafakitale ndi sayansi. Mu analytical chemistry, njira zodziwira barium nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kusanthula kwabwino komanso kusanthula kachulukidwe. Zotsatirazi ndikuwulula mwatsatanetsatane njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira za barium element:
1. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS): Iyi ndi njira yowunikira kachulukidwe yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri yoyenerera zitsanzo zokhazikika kwambiri. Yankho lachitsanzo limapopera mu lawi lamoto, ndipo maatomu a barium amayatsa kuwala kwa kutalika kwake. Kuchuluka kwa kuwala kwakuya kumayesedwa ndipo kumayenderana ndi kuchuluka kwa barium.
2. Flame Atomic Emission Spectrometry (FAES): Njira imeneyi imazindikira barium popopera chitsanzo cha yankho mu lawi la moto, kusangalatsa ma atomu a barium kuti atulutse kuwala kwa utali wosiyanasiyana. Poyerekeza ndi FAAS, FAES nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira kuchuluka kwa barium.
3. Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (AAS): Njira imeneyi ndi yofanana ndi FAAS, koma imagwiritsa ntchito fluorescence spectrometer kuti izindikire kukhalapo kwa barium. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza kuchuluka kwa barium.
4. Ion Chromatography: Njirayi ndi yoyenera kusanthula barium mu zitsanzo za madzi. Ma ion a barium amasiyanitsidwa ndikuzindikiridwa ndi ion chromatography. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza kuchuluka kwa barium mu zitsanzo zamadzi.
5. X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF): Iyi ndi njira yowunikira yosawononga yomwe imayenera kuzindikiridwa ndi barium mu zitsanzo zolimba. Pambuyo chitsanzo ndi okondwa X-ray, ndi maatomu barium amatulutsa fluorescence enieni, ndi barium okhutira anatsimikiza ndi kuyeza fluorescence kwambiri.
6. Mass Spectrometry: Misa spectrometry ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kudziwa kapangidwe ka isotopic barium ndi kudziwa zomwe zili mu barium. Njirayi nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwunika kwamphamvu kwambiri ndipo imatha kuzindikira kutsika kwambiri kwa barium. Pamwambapa pali njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira barium. Njira yeniyeni yosankha imadalira mtundu wa chitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa barium, ndi cholinga cha kusanthula. Ngati mukufuna zambiri kapena muli ndi mafunso ena, chonde muzimasuka kundidziwitsa. Njirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'ma laboratory ndi mafakitale kuti ayese molondola komanso modalirika ndikuzindikira kukhalapo ndi ndende ya barium. Njira yeniyeni yogwiritsira ntchito imadalira mtundu wa chitsanzo chomwe chiyenera kuyezedwa, kuchuluka kwa zinthu za barium, ndi cholinga chenicheni cha kusanthula.
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-09-2024