News - Kodi holmium element ndi chiyani?

1. Kupezeka kwa holmium Elements
Mosander atapatukanaerbiumnditerbiumkuchokerayttriummu 1842, akatswiri a zamankhwala ambiri adagwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kowoneka bwino kuti azindikire ndikutsimikiza kuti sanali ma oxides oyera a chinthu, zomwe zidalimbikitsa akatswiri azamankhwala kuti apitilize kuwalekanitsa. Pambuyo pa kulekanaytterbium oxidendiscandium oxidekuchokera ku ytterbium oxide, Cliff analekanitsa ma oxide aŵiri atsopano a maelementi mu 1879. Mmodzi wa iwo anatchedwa holmium kuti azikumbukira malo amene Cliff anabadwira, dzina lakale lachilatini la Stockholm, likulu la Sweden, Holmia, ndi chizindikiro cha elementi Ho. Pambuyo pake, mu 1886, Boisbodran analekanitsa chinthu china ndi holmium, koma dzina la holmium linasungidwa. Ndi kupezedwa kwa holmium ndi zinthu zina zosowa zapadziko lapansi, theka lina la gawo lachitatu la kutulukira kwa zinthu zapadziko lapansi losowa kwambiri linamalizidwa.

2. Thupi katundu holmium
Holmium ndi silvery woyera zitsulo, zofewa ndi ductile; malo osungunuka 1474°C, kuwira 2695°C, kachulukidwe 8.7947g/cm³. Holmium imakhala yokhazikika mu mpweya wouma ndipo imatulutsa okosijeni mofulumira pa kutentha kwakukulu;holmium oxidendi chinthu champhamvu kwambiri chodziwika bwino cha paramagnetic. Mankhwala a Holmium angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zowonjezera pazinthu zatsopano za ferromagnetic;holmium iodideamagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nyali zachitsulo za halide - nyali za holmium. Ndiwokhazikika mu mpweya wouma kutentha kutentha ndipo mosavuta oxidized mu mpweya chinyezi ndi pa kutentha. Pewani kukhudzana ndi mpweya, ma oxides, zidulo, ma halojeni, ndi madzi amadzi. Imatulutsa mpweya woyaka pamene ikukhudzana ndi madzi; imasungunuka mu ma inorganic acid. Ndiwokhazikika mu mpweya wouma kutentha kwa firiji, koma oxidizes mofulumira mu mpweya wonyowa komanso pamwamba pa kutentha kwa chipinda. Iwo ali yogwira mankhwala katundu. Amawola madzi pang'onopang'ono. Ikhoza kuphatikiza pafupifupi zinthu zonse zopanda zitsulo. Imapezeka mu yttrium silicate, monazite ndi mchere wina wosowa padziko lapansi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga maginito alloy materials.

3. Mankhwala katundu wa holmium
Ndiwokhazikika mu mpweya wouma kutentha, ndipo mosavuta oxidized mu mpweya chinyezi ndi pa kutentha. Pewani kukhudzana ndi mpweya, ma oxides, zidulo, ma halojeni, ndi madzi achinyezi. Imatulutsa mpweya woyaka pamene ikukhudzana ndi madzi; imasungunuka mu ma inorganic acid. Ndiwokhazikika mu mpweya wouma kutentha kwa firiji, koma oxidizes mofulumira mu mpweya wonyowa komanso pamwamba pa kutentha kwa chipinda. Iwo ali yogwira mankhwala katundu. Pang'onopang'ono amawola madzi. Ikhoza kuphatikizidwa ndi pafupifupi zinthu zonse zopanda zitsulo. Imapezeka mu yttrium silicate, monazite ndi mchere wina wosowa padziko lapansi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga maginito alloy materials. Monga dysprosium, ndizitsulo zomwe zimatha kuyamwa ma neutroni opangidwa ndi nyukiliya fission. Mu nyukiliya ya nyukiliya, imayaka mosalekeza mbali imodzi ndikuwongolera kuthamanga kwa tcheni ku inayo. Kufotokozera kwa chinthu: Ili ndi zitsulo zonyezimira. Imatha kuchita pang'onopang'ono ndi madzi ndikusungunula mu asidi wosungunuka. Mcherewo ndi wachikasu. The okusayidi Ho2O2 ndi kuwala wobiriwira. Amasungunuka mu mineral acid kuti apange trivalent ion yellow salt. Gwero la chinthu: Amapangidwa ndi kuchepetsaholmium fluorideHoF3 · 2H2O yokhala ndi calcium.
Zosakaniza
(1)Holmium oxidendi yoyera ndipo ili ndi zigawo ziwiri: cubic yokhazikika pa thupi ndi monoclinic. Ho2O3 ndiye oxide yokhayo yokhazikika. Mankhwala ake ndi njira zokonzekera ndizofanana ndi za lanthanum oxide. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nyali za holmium.
(2)Holmium nitrateMapangidwe a maselo: Ho(NO3)3 · 5H2O; Kulemera kwa maselo: 441.02; Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovulaza pang'ono kumadzi. Musalole kuti zinthu zambiri zosasungunuka kapena zochulukirapo zikhudzidwe ndi madzi apansi panthaka, njira zamadzi kapena zonyansa. Osatulutsa zinthuzo kumalo ozungulira popanda chilolezo cha boma.

4.Synthesis njira ya holmium
1. Holmium zitsuloangapezeke mwa kuchepetsa anhydrousholmium trichloride or holmium trifluoridendi chitsulo calcium
2. Pambuyo pa holmium itasiyanitsidwa ndi zinthu zina zapadziko lapansi zomwe sizikusowa ndi ion kusinthanitsa kapena teknoloji yosungunulira zosungunulira, holmium yachitsulo ikhoza kukonzedwa ndi kuchepetsa kutentha kwachitsulo. Kuchepetsa matenthedwe a lithiamu a rare earth chloride ndi kosiyana ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa matenthedwe a calcium a rare earth chloride. Njira yochepetsera zakale ikuchitika mu gawo la gasi. Lifiyamu yochepetsera matenthedwe riyakitala imagawidwa m'zigawo ziwiri zowotcha, ndipo njira zochepetsera ndi zotulutsa distillation zimachitika mu zida zomwezo. Wopanda madziholmium kloridiamayikidwa pamwamba titaniyamu riyakitala crucible (komanso HoCl3 distillation chipinda), ndi kuchepetsa wothandizira zitsulo zitsulo lifiyamu amaikidwa m'munsi crucible. Kenako thanki yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri imasamutsidwa kupita ku 7Pa kenako ndikutenthedwa. Pamene kutentha kufika 1000 ℃, ndi anakhalabe kwa nthawi ndithu kulolaHoCl3nthunzi ndi lithiamu nthunzi kuti achite mokwanira, ndi kuchepetsedwa zitsulo holmium olimba particles kugwera m'munsi crucible. Kuchepetsako kukamalizidwa, crucible yotsika yokhayo imatenthedwa kuti isungunuke LiCl mu crucible yakumtunda. Njira yochepetsera nthawi zambiri imatenga pafupifupi 10h. Kuti apange holmium yoyera yachitsulo, chochepetsera zitsulo lifiyamu chiyenera kukhala 99.97% high purity lithiamu ndi double distilled anhydrous HoCl3 iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

5. Ntchito za holmium

(1) Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera cha nyali zachitsulo za halide. Nyali za Metal halide ndi mtundu wa nyali zotulutsa mpweya zomwe zimapangidwa pamaziko a nyali zamphamvu kwambiri za mercury. Makhalidwe awo ndikuti mababu amadzazidwa ndi ma halides osiyanasiyana osowa padziko lapansi. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi ayodini wapadziko lapansi osowa, omwe amatulutsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yowoneka bwino pamene mpweya watulutsidwa. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nyali za holmium ndi holmium iodide, yomwe imatha kupeza maatomu achitsulo ochulukirapo mu arc zone, potero kumapangitsa kuti ma radiation azitha kuyenda bwino.

(2) Holmium ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chowonjezera chachitsulo cha yttrium kapena yttrium aluminium garnet;

(3) Holmium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Ho: YAG) imatha kutulutsa ma lasers a 2μm. Mlingo wa mayamwidwe a 2μm lasers ndi minyewa yamunthu ndiwokwera, pafupifupi maulalo a 3 apamwamba kuposa a Hd:YAG. Choncho, pogwiritsira ntchito Ho: YAG lasers pa opaleshoni yachipatala, sizingangowonjezera mphamvu ndi kulondola kwa opaleshoniyo, komanso kuchepetsa malo owonongeka ndi kutentha kwazing'ono. Mtengo waulere wopangidwa ndi holmium crystal ukhoza kuthetsa mafuta popanda kutulutsa kutentha kwambiri, potero kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwamafuta athanzi. Akuti dziko la United States limagwiritsa ntchito laser la holmium pochiza glaucoma, yomwe ingachepetse ululu wa opaleshoni kwa odwala. Mulingo wa kristalo wa laser wa 2μm waku China wafika pamlingo wapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo tiyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu ndikupanga mtundu uwu wa kristalo wa laser.

(4) A pang'ono a holmium akhoza kuwonjezeredwa kwa aloyi magnetostrictive kuchepetsa munda kunja chofunika machulukitsidwe maginito a aloyi.

(5) Kuonjezera apo, holmium-doped optical fiber ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga ma lasers optical fiber, optical fiber amplifiers, optical fiber sensors ndi zipangizo zina zoyankhulirana za kuwala, zomwe zingathandize kwambiri pakukula kwachangu kwamakono kwa optical fiber communication.

Holmium laser Kugwiritsa ntchito laser holmium kwabweretsa chithandizo cha miyala yamkodzo pamlingo watsopano. Laser ya Holmium ili ndi kutalika kwa 2.1μm ndipo ndi laser pulsed. Ndi ma lasers aposachedwa kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga opaleshoni. Mphamvu yopangidwa imatha kuphwetsa madzi pakati pa mapeto a kuwala ndi mwala, kupanga tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta cavitation, ndikutumiza mphamvu ku mwala, kuphwanya mwala kukhala ufa. Madzi amatenga mphamvu zambiri, amachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa minofu yozungulira. Nthawi yomweyo, kuya kwa laser ya holmium mu minofu yamunthu ndikozama kwambiri, 0.38mm yokha. Chifukwa chake, pakuphwanya miyala, kuwonongeka kwa minofu yozungulira kumatha kuchepetsedwa, ndipo chitetezo ndichokwera kwambiri.
Tekinoloje ya Holmium laser lithotripsy: yachipatala ya holmium laser lithotripsy, yomwe ili yoyenera miyala ya impso zolimba, miyala ya ureter ndi miyala ya chikhodzodzo yomwe singathyoledwe ndi extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a holmium laser lithotripsy, ulusi wochepa kwambiri wa laser wachipatala wa holmium umadutsa mumkodzo ndi ureter mothandizidwa ndi cystoscope ndi ureteroscope yosinthika kufika miyala ya chikhodzodzo, miyala ya ureteral ndi miyala ya impso, ndiyeno urologist amayendetsa laser holmium kuswa miyala. Ubwino wa njira yochizirayi ndikuti imatha kuthetsa miyala ya ureter, miyala ya chikhodzodzo ndi miyala yambiri ya impso. Choyipa ndichakuti kwa miyala ina kumtunda ndi kumunsi kwa ma calyce a impso, miyala yaying'ono imatsalira chifukwa ulusi wa laser wa holmium womwe umalowa kuchokera mu ureter sungathe kufika pamalo amwala.
Laser ya Holmium ndi mtundu watsopano wa laser wopangidwa ndi chipangizo cholimba cha laser chopangidwa ndi laser crystal (Cr:Tm:Ho:YAG) yokhala ndi yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG) ngati sing'anga yotsegulira komanso yolumikizidwa ndi ma ion chromium (Cr), ma ion thulium (Tm) ndi ma activation ions (Holmium ions). Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochita maopaleshoni m'madipatimenti monga urology, ENT, dermatology, ndi gynecology. Opaleshoni ya laser imeneyi siisokoneza kapena imasokoneza pang'ono ndipo wodwalayo amamva kupweteka pang'ono panthawi ya chithandizo.

Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-14-2024