1. Tanthauzo la Zida Zanyukiliya
M'lingaliro lalikulu, zida za nyukiliya ndi mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida za nyukiliya ndi kafukufuku wa sayansi ya nyukiliya, kuphatikiza mafuta a nyukiliya ndi zida zaukadaulo wa nyukiliya, mwachitsanzo, zinthu zomwe si mafuta a nyukiliya.
Zomwe zimatchedwa zida za nyukiliya makamaka zimatanthawuza zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo osiyanasiyana a reactor, zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti zida za nyukiliya.Zida za nyukiliya zimaphatikizansopo mafuta a nyukiliya omwe amawotcha nyukiliya pansi pa bombardment ya nyutroni, zotchingira zida zamafuta a nyukiliya, zoziziritsa kukhosi, zowongolera ma neturoni (oyang'anira), zida zowongolera zomwe zimayamwa manyutroni mwamphamvu, ndi zinthu zowunikira zomwe zimalepheretsa kutulutsa kwa nyutroni kunja kwa choyatsira.
2, Co kugwirizana ubale pakati pa zosowa zapadziko lapansi ndi zida za nyukiliya
Monazite, yomwe imatchedwanso phosphocerite ndi phosphocerite, ndi mchere wodziwika bwino mu miyala yapakatikati ya acid igneous rock ndi metamorphic rock.Monazite ndi amodzi mwa mchere waukulu wa ore earth metal ore, komanso amapezeka mumwala wina wa sedimentary.Brownish wofiira, wachikasu, nthawi zina bulauni wachikasu, ndi greasy luster, cleavage kwathunthu, Mohs kuuma kwa 5-5.5, ndi mphamvu yokoka ya 4.9-5.5.
Mchere waukulu wamtundu wina wosowa padziko lapansi ku China ndi monazite, womwe uli ku Tongcheng, Hubei, Yueyang, Hunan, Shangrao, Jiangxi, Menghai, Yunnan, ndi He County, Guangxi.Komabe, kuchotsa zinthu zapadziko lapansi zamtundu wa placer nthawi zambiri sikukhala ndi tanthauzo pazachuma.Miyala yokhayokha nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zinthu zowoneka bwino za thorium komanso ndiyo gwero lalikulu la plutonium yamalonda.
3. Chidule cha momwe dziko lapansi limagwiritsidwira ntchito mosowa mu nyukiliya fusion ndi nyukiliya fission kutengera patent panoramic kusanthula
Mawu osakira azinthu zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi atakulitsidwa mokwanira, amaphatikizidwa ndi makiyi okulitsa ndi nambala zamagulu a nyukiliya ndi kuphatikizika kwa nyukiliya, ndikufufuzidwa mu database ya Incopt.Tsiku losakira ndi Ogasiti 24, 2020. Ma Patent 4837 adapezedwa pambuyo pophatikizana kosavuta kwa mabanja, ndipo zovomerezeka 4673 zidatsimikiziridwa pambuyo pochepetsa phokoso lochita kupanga.
Kugwiritsa ntchito patent kwanthawi yayitali pankhani ya nyukiliya kapena kuphatikizika kwa zida za nyukiliya kumagawidwa m'maiko / zigawo 56, makamaka ku Japan, China, United States, Germany ndi Russia, ndi zina zambiri. , amene Chinese patent luso ntchito zakhala zikuchulukirachulukira, makamaka kuyambira 2009, kulowa mofulumira kukula siteji, ndi Japan, United States ndi Russia anapitiriza masanjidwe mu munda kwa zaka zambiri (Chithunzi 1).
Chithunzi 1 Kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka matekinoloje ovomerezeka okhudzana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosowa kwapadziko lapansi mu nyukiliya ya nyukiliya ndi kuphatikizika kwa nyukiliya m'maiko / zigawo.
Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pakuwunika kwa mitu yaukadaulo kuti kugwiritsa ntchito dziko losowa kwambiri pakuphatikizana kwa nyukiliya ndi nyukiliya kumayang'ana kwambiri zinthu zamafuta, ma scintillators, zowunikira ma radiation, ma actinides, ma plasmas, zida za nyukiliya, zoteteza, kuyamwa kwa nyutroni ndi njira zina zaukadaulo.
4, Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mwachindunji ndi Kafukufuku Wofunikira Patent of Rare Earth Elements mu Nuclear Materials
Zina mwa izo, kuphatikizika kwa nyukiliya ndi kugawanika kwa nyukiliya mu zida za nyukiliya ndizokulirapo, ndipo zofunikira pazida ndizovuta.Pakalipano, zida zopangira magetsi ndizo makamaka zida za nyukiliya, ndipo ma fusion reactors amatha kutchuka kwambiri pakatha zaka 50.Kugwiritsa ntchito kwadziko losowazinthu mu riyakitala structural zipangizo;M'madera enieni a mankhwala a nyukiliya, zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimasowa kwambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyendetsa ndodo;Kuphatikiza apo,scandiumyagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu radiochemistry ndi mafakitale a nyukiliya.
(1) Monga poizoni woyaka kapena ndodo yowongolera kuti musinthe mulingo wa nyutroni ndi mkhalidwe wovuta wa nyukiliya
M'malo opangira mphamvu, zotsalira zotsalira za ma cores atsopano nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokwera kwambiri.Makamaka m'magawo oyambilira a kuzungulira koyamba kwa refueling, pamene mafuta onse a nyukiliya pachimake ndi atsopano, reactivity yotsalira ndiyokwera kwambiri.Pakadali pano, kudalira kungowonjezera ndodo zowongolera kuti zilipire zotsalira zotsalira zitha kuyambitsa ndodo zowongolera.Ndodo iliyonse yowongolera (kapena ndodo mtolo) imagwirizana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa makina oyendetsa ovuta.Kumbali imodzi, izi zimawonjezera ndalama, ndipo kumbali ina, kutsegula mabowo mumutu wa chotengera chopanikizika kungayambitse kuchepa kwa mphamvu zamapangidwe.Sikuti ndizopanda ndalama zokha, komanso siziloledwa kukhala ndi kuchuluka kwa porosity ndi mphamvu zamapangidwe pamutu wa chotengera chopanikizika.Komabe, popanda kuwonjezera ndodo zowongolera, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mankhwala omwe amalipira poizoni (monga boric acid) kuti apereke chiwongola dzanja chotsalira.Pankhaniyi, ndizosavuta kuti ndende ya boron ipitirire malire, ndipo kutentha kwa wowongolera kumakhala koyenera.
Kupewa mavuto omwe tawatchulawa, kuphatikiza kwa poizoni woyaka, ndodo zowongolera, ndi zowongolera zolipirira mankhwala zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera.
(2) Monga dopant kumapangitsanso ntchito riyakitala structural zipangizo
Zopangira nyukiliya zimafunikira zida zamapangidwe ndi mafuta kuti zikhale ndi mulingo wina wa mphamvu, kusachita dzimbiri, komanso kukhazikika kwamafuta ambiri, pomwe zimalepheretsanso zinthu za fission kulowa muzoziziritsa.
1) .Rare nthaka zitsulo
The nyukiliya riyakitala ali kwambiri thupi ndi mankhwala zinthu, ndipo chigawo chilichonse cha riyakitala amakhalanso ndi zofunika mkulu zitsulo ntchito.Zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka zimakhala ndi zosintha zapadera pazitsulo, makamaka kuyeretsa, metamorphism, microalloying, ndikusintha kukana dzimbiri.Dziko losowa kwambiri lomwe lili ndi zitsulo zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri m'manyukiliya.
① Kuyeretsa: Kafukufuku amene alipo awonetsa kuti maiko osowa amakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino zoyeretsa pazitsulo zosungunuka pa kutentha kwambiri.Izi zili choncho chifukwa maiko osowa amatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi zinthu zovulaza monga mpweya ndi sulfure muzitsulo zosungunuka kuti apange zinthu zotentha kwambiri.Zosakaniza zotentha kwambiri zimatha kutenthedwa ndikutulutsidwa mwa mawonekedwe a inclusions zitsulo zosungunuka zisanayambe kusungunuka, motero kuchepetsa zonyansa muzitsulo zosungunuka.
② Metamorphism: Komano, ma oxides, sulfides kapena oxysulfides opangidwa ndi zomwe dziko losowa muzitsulo zosungunuka ndi zinthu zovulaza monga mpweya ndi sulfure zimatha kusungidwa pang'ono mu chitsulo chosungunuka ndikukhala chitsulo chosungunuka kwambiri. .Izi zophatikizika zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo osasinthika a nucleation panthawi yolimba yachitsulo chosungunuka, motero kuwongolera mawonekedwe ndi kapangidwe kachitsulo.
③ Microalloying: ngati kuwonjezera kwa dziko losowa kumawonjezeka, dziko losowa lotsalira lidzasungunuka muzitsulo pambuyo pa kuyeretsedwa pamwamba ndi metamorphism.Popeza kuti utali wa atomiki wa dziko losowa kwambiri ndi wokulirapo kuposa wa atomu yachitsulo, dziko losowa kwambiri limakhala ndi zochita zambiri pamwamba.Panthawi yolimba yachitsulo chosungunula, zinthu zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi zimalemeretsedwa pamalire ambewu, zomwe zimatha kuchepetsa kugawanika kwa zinthu zonyansa pamalire ambewu, motero kumalimbitsa njira yolimba ndikusewera gawo la microalloying.Komano, chifukwa cha hydrogen yosungirako makhalidwe osowa lapansi, iwo akhoza kuyamwa haidrojeni mu zitsulo, potero bwino kuwongolera hydrogen embrittlement chodabwitsa zitsulo.
④ Kupititsa patsogolo kukana kwa dzimbiri: Kuphatikizika kwa zinthu zapadziko lapansi kosowa kumatha kupititsa patsogolo kukana kwachitsulo.Izi zili choncho chifukwa dziko lapansi losowa lili ndi mphamvu yodziwononga yokha kuposa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.Chifukwa chake, kuwonjezera kwa nthaka osowa kumatha kukulitsa kuthekera kodziwononga kwachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, potero kumapangitsa kukhazikika kwachitsulo muzofalitsa zowononga.
2).Phunziro Lofunika Patent
Patent yofunika: kupangidwa kwapatent kwa kubalalitsidwa kwa oxide kunalimbitsa chitsulo chotsegula ndi njira yake yokonzekera ndi Institute of Metals, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Patent abstract: Amaperekedwa ndi kubalalitsidwa kwa okusayidi kumalimbitsa chitsulo chotsegula chocheperako choyenera maphatikizidwe ophatikizika ndi njira yake yokonzekera, yodziwika kuti kuchuluka kwa zinthu za aloyi muunyinji wazitsulo zocheperako ndi: masanjidwewo ndi Fe, 0.08% ≤ C ≤ 0.15%, 8.0% ≤ Cr ≤ 10.0%, 1.1% ≤ W ≤ 1.55%, 0.1% ≤ V ≤ 0.3%, 0.03% ≤ Ta ≤ 0.2%, 0.0 ≤%, 0.0 ≤ 2O3 ≤ 0.5% .
Njira yopanga: Fe-Cr-WV-Ta-Mn mayi wosungunula aloyi, atomization ya ufa, mphero yamphamvu yamphamvu ya aloyi ndiY2O3 nanoparticleufa wosakanizidwa, kutulutsa kophimba ufa, kuumba kolimba, kugudubuza kotentha, ndi chithandizo cha kutentha.
Njira yowonjezereka yapadziko lapansi: Onjezani nanoscaleY2O3particles kwa kholo aloyi atomiki ufa kwa mkulu-mphamvu mpira mphero, ndi sing'anga mpira mphero kukhala Φ 6 ndi Φ 10 osakaniza olimba zitsulo mipira, ndi mpweya mphero mpweya 99.99% argon mpweya, mpira chuma chiŵerengero cha (8- 10): 1, nthawi yopera mpira ya maola 40-70, ndi liwiro la 350-500 r/min.
3）. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zoteteza ma radiation ya nyutroni
① Mfundo yachitetezo cha neutron radiation
Ma nyutroni ndi zigawo za ma atomiki nyukiliya, okhala ndi 1.675 × 10-27kg, yomwe ndi nthawi 1838 kuposa mphamvu zamagetsi.Ma radius ake ndi pafupifupi 0.8 × 10-15m, ofanana ndi kukula kwa pulotoni, ofanana ndi γ Ma Rays nawonso samalipidwa.Ma nyutroni akamalumikizana ndi zinthu, amalumikizana makamaka ndi mphamvu za nyukiliya mkati mwa phata, ndipo samalumikizana ndi ma elekitironi mu chipolopolo chakunja.
Ndi chitukuko chofulumira cha mphamvu ya nyukiliya ndi teknoloji ya nyukiliya ya nyukiliya, chidwi chowonjezereka chaperekedwa ku chitetezo cha nyukiliya ndi chitetezo cha nyukiliya.Pofuna kulimbikitsa chitetezo cha radiation kwa ogwira ntchito omwe akhala akugwira ntchito yokonza zida za radiation ndi kupulumutsa ngozi kwa nthawi yayitali, ndizofunikira kwambiri pazasayansi komanso zamtengo wapatali pazachuma kupanga zida zotchingira zopepuka zoteteza zovala zoteteza.Neutron radiation ndiye gawo lofunikira kwambiri la radiation ya nyukiliya.Nthawi zambiri, ma neutroni ambiri omwe amalumikizana mwachindunji ndi anthu amachepetsedwa kukhala ma neutroni opanda mphamvu pang'ono pambuyo pa mphamvu yotchinga ya neutroni ya zida zamapangidwe mkati mwa nyukiliya.Manyutroni amphamvu otsika adzawombana ndi ma nuclei okhala ndi nambala ya atomiki yotsika motsamira ndikupitiliza kusinthidwa.Manyutroni otenthetsera otenthedwa adzatengedwa ndi zinthu zokhala ndi zigawo zazikulu zoyamwa manyutroni, ndipo pamapeto pake chitetezo cha neutroni chidzakwaniritsidwa.
② Kuphunzira Kwambiri Patent
The porous ndi organic-inorganic wosakanizidwa katundu warare earth elementgadoliniumzochokera zitsulo organic chigoba zipangizo kumawonjezera kugwirizana ndi polyethylene, kulimbikitsa apanga nsanganizo zipangizo kukhala apamwamba gadolinium zili ndi gadolinium kubalalitsidwa.Kuchuluka kwa gadolinium ndi kubalalitsidwa kudzakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito a neutron azinthu zophatikizika.
Patent yofunika: Hefei Institute of Material Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, kupanga patent ya gadolinium based organic framework composite shielding material ndi njira yake yokonzekera
Patent Abstract: Gadolinium based metal organic skeleton composite shielding material ndi gulu lopangidwa ndi kusakaniza.gadoliniumzochokera zitsulo organic chigoba zinthu ndi polyethylene kulemera chiŵerengero cha 2:1:10 ndi kupanga izo kupyolera zosungunulira evaporation kapena otentha kukanikiza.Gadolinium based metal organic skeleton composite shielding zida zimakhala ndi kukhazikika kwamafuta komanso kuthekera kotchinjiriza kwa neutroni.
Njira yopanga: kusankha zosiyanagadolinium zitsulomchere ndi organic ligands kukonzekera ndi lithe mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya gadolinium zochokera zitsulo organic chigoba zipangizo, kuwatsuka ndi mamolekyu ang'onoang'ono a methanol, Mowa, kapena madzi ndi centrifugation, ndi activating iwo pa kutentha pansi zingalowe mikhalidwe kuchotsa kwathunthu otsala osakhudzidwa yaiwisi. mu pores wa gadolinium zochokera zitsulo organic chigoba zipangizo;The gadolinium zochokera organometallic mafupa zakuthupi anakonza mu sitepe ndi akawinduka ndi polyethylene odzola pa liwiro lalikulu, kapena ultrasonically, kapena gadolinium zochokera organometallic mafupa zakuthupi anakonza sitepe ndi kusungunuka blended ndi kopitilira muyeso-mkulu maselo kulemera polyethylene pa kutentha mpaka mokwanira wosanganiza;Ikani uniformly osakaniza gadolinium zochokera zitsulo organic chigoba chuma / polyethylene osakaniza mu nkhungu, ndi kupeza anapanga gadolinium zochokera zitsulo organic mafupa gulu kutchinga zakuthupi ndi kuyanika kulimbikitsa zosungunulira evaporation kapena otentha kukanikiza;Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi gadolinium zopangidwa ndi zitsulo zopangidwa ndi organic skeleton composite shielding material zasintha kwambiri kukana kutentha, makina amakina, komanso kuthekera kwapamwamba koteteza neutroni poyerekeza ndi zida zoyera za polyethylene.
Mawonekedwe osowa padziko lapansi: Gd2 (BHC) (H2O) 6, Gd (BTC) (H2O) 4 kapena Gd (BDC) 1.5 (H2O) 2 porous crystalline coordination polima yomwe ili ndi gadolinium, yomwe imapezedwa mwa kugwirizanitsa polymerization yaGd (NO3) 3 • 6H2O kapena GdCl3 • 6H2Ondi organic carboxylate ligand;Kukula kwa gadolinium zochokera zitsulo organic skeleton chuma ndi 50nm-2 μ m; Gadolinium zochokera zitsulo organic chigoba zipangizo ndi morphologies osiyana, kuphatikizapo granular, ndodo woboola pakati, kapena singano zooneka mawonekedwe.
(4) Kugwiritsa ntchito kwaScandiummu Radiochemistry ndi mafakitale a nyukiliya
Chitsulo cha Scandium chimakhala ndi kukhazikika kwamafuta abwino komanso magwiridwe antchito amphamvu a fluorine, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamakampani opanga mphamvu za atomiki.
Patent yofunika: China Aerospace Development Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Equipment, kupanga patent kwa aluminiyamu zinc magnesium scandium alloy ndi njira yake yokonzekera
Patent abstract: Zinc ya aluminiyamumagnesium scandium aloyindi njira yake yokonzekera.The mankhwala zikuchokera ndi kulemera peresenti ya zotayidwa zinki magnesium scandium aloyi ndi: Mg 1.0% -2.4%, Zn 3.5% -5.5%, Sc 0.04% -0.50%, Zr 0.04% -0.35%, zosafunika Cu ≤ 0.2%, Si ≤ 0.35%, Fe ≤ 0.4%, zonyansa zina limodzi ≤ 0.05%, zonyansa zina zonse ≤ 0.15%, ndipo ndalama zotsalira ndi Al.Kapangidwe kakang'ono ka aluminium zinc magnesium scandium alloy alloy ndi yunifolomu ndipo magwiridwe ake ndi okhazikika, okhala ndi mphamvu yopitilira 400MPa, mphamvu yotulutsa yopitilira 350MPa, komanso mphamvu yopitilira 370MPa yolumikizira mafupa.Zogulitsazo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zomangika muzamlengalenga, mafakitale anyukiliya, mayendedwe, zinthu zamasewera, zida ndi zina.
Kupanga njira: Gawo 1, zopangira malinga ndi zomwe zili pamwambapa;Gawo 2: Sungunulani mu ng'anjo smelting pa kutentha 700 ℃ ~ 780 ℃;Khwerero 3: Yenga zamadzimadzi osungunuka kwathunthu, ndikusunga kutentha kwachitsulo mkati mwa 700 ℃ ~ 750 ℃ pakuyenga;Khwerero 4: Pambuyo pakuyenga, iyenera kuloledwa kuyimirira;Khwerero 5: Mukayimirira kwathunthu, yambani kuponyera, sungani kutentha kwa ng'anjo mkati mwa 690 ℃ ~ 730 ℃, ndi liwiro loponyera ndi 15-200mm / miniti;Gawo 6: Kuchita homogenization annealing mankhwala pa aloyi ingot mu Kutentha ng'anjo, ndi homogenization kutentha 400 ℃ ~ 470 ℃;Khwerero 7: Peel ingot yokhala ndi homogenized ndikuchita extrusion yotentha kuti mupange mbiri ndi makulidwe a khoma la 2.0mm.Pa ndondomeko extrusion, billet ayenera kukhalabe pa kutentha 350 ℃ mpaka 410 ℃;Khwerero 8: Finyani mbiri ya chithandizo chozimitsa njira, ndi kutentha kwa 460-480 ℃;Khwerero 9: Pambuyo pa maola 72 othetsa zolimba, kakamizani kukalamba pamanja.The manual force oging system ndi: 90 ~ 110 ℃/24 hours+170 ~ 180 ℃/5 hours, kapena 90 ~ 110 ℃/24 hours+145 ~ 155 ℃/10 hours.
5, Chidule cha Kafukufuku
Pazonse, maiko osowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuphatikizana kwa nyukiliya ndi kugawikana kwa nyukiliya, ndipo ali ndi masanjidwe ambiri a patent m'njira zamaukadaulo monga X-ray kukopa, mapangidwe a plasma, choyatsira madzi opepuka, transuranium, uranyl ndi oxide ufa.Koma zida riyakitala, osowa nthaka angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati riyakitala structural zipangizo ndi zogwirizana ceramic kutchinjiriza zipangizo, zipangizo kulamulira ndi nyutroni cheza chitetezo zipangizo.
Nthawi yotumiza: May-26-2023