Afanizo lodziwika bwino ndiloti ngati mafuta ndi magazi a mafakitale, ndiye kuti dziko lapansi losowa ndilo vitamini wamakampani.
Dziko lapansi osowa ndi chidule cha gulu la zitsulo.Rare Earth Elements,REE) zapezeka motsatizana kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18.Pali mitundu 17 ya REE, kuphatikiza 15 lanthanides mu periodic table of chemical elements-lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), ndi zina zotero akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo ambiri monga zamagetsi, petrochemicals ndi zitsulo.Pafupifupi zaka 3-5 zilizonse, asayansi amatha kupeza ntchito zatsopano zapadziko lapansi, ndipo chimodzi mwazinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zilizonse sichingasiyanitsidwe ndi dziko losowa.
China ili ndi mchere wambiri wapadziko lapansi, womwe umakhala woyamba padziko lonse lapansi: woyamba m'malo osungiramo zinthu, womwe umakhala pafupifupi 23%;Kutulutsa kwake ndi koyamba, komwe kumatenga 80% mpaka 90% ya zinthu zomwe sizipezeka padziko lonse lapansi;Voliyumu yogulitsa ndi yoyamba, yokhala ndi 60% mpaka 70% yazinthu zomwe zasowa padziko lapansi zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, dziko la China ndilo dziko lokhalo lomwe lingapereke mitundu yonse ya 17 yazitsulo zapadziko lapansi, makamaka zapakatikati ndi zolemera zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi asilikali.
RDziko lapansi ndi chida chamtengo wapatali, chomwe chimadziwika kuti "industrial monosodium glutamate" ndi "mayi wazinthu zatsopano", ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu sayansi yaukadaulo ndiukadaulo komanso mafakitale ankhondo.Malinga ndi Unduna wa Zamakampani ndi Ukadaulo Wachidziwitso, zida zogwirira ntchito monga maginito osowa padziko lapansi, luminescence, kusungirako ma hydrogen ndi catalysis zakhala zofunikira kwambiri pamafakitale apamwamba kwambiri monga kupanga zida zapamwamba, mphamvu zatsopano ndi mafakitale omwe akubwera. amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zamagetsi, mafakitale a petrochemical, zitsulo, makina, mphamvu zatsopano, makampani owunikira, kuteteza chilengedwe, ulimi ndi zina zotero..
Kumayambiriro kwa 1983, Japan idayambitsa njira yosungiramo mchere wosowa, ndipo 83% ya nthaka yake yapakhomo idachokera ku China.
Tayang'ananinso ku United States, malo ake osungira nthaka osowa ali achiwiri ku China, koma dziko lake losowa ndilo dziko lapansi losowa, lomwe limagawidwa kukhala dziko lapansi lolemera kwambiri ndi dziko lapansi losowa.Dziko lapansi lolemera kwambiri ndi lokwera mtengo kwambiri, ndipo zopepuka zapadziko lapansi ndizopanda chuma kwanga, zomwe zasandutsidwa nthaka yabodza ndi anthu ogulitsa.80% ya zinthu zachilendo zaku US zochokera kunja zimachokera ku China.
Comrade Deng Xiaoping ananenapo kuti: “Ku Middle East kuli mafuta ndiponso nthaka yosowa kwambiri ku China.”Tanthauzo la mawu ake ndi lodziwikiratu.Dziko losawerengeka silofunika kokha "MSG" ya 1/5 yapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, komanso chida champhamvu chamalonda cha China patebulo lokambirana padziko lonse lapansi mtsogolomu.Tetezani ndikugwiritsa ntchito mwasayansi zopezeka zapadziko lapansi, yakhala njira yadziko yomwe anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi malingaliro apamwamba mzaka zaposachedwa aletsa kuti zinthu zamtengo wapatali zapadziko lapansi zisagulitsidwe ndikutumizidwa kumayiko akumadzulo.Mu 1992, Deng Xiaoping adanena momveka bwino kuti dziko la China ndi dziko losowa kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Mndandanda wa ntchito za 17 rare earths
1 lanthanum imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu za alloy ndi mafilimu aulimi
Cerium imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mugalasi lamagalimoto
3 praseodymium imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu utoto wa ceramic
Neodymium imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzamlengalenga
5 zinganga zimapereka mphamvu zothandizira ma satelayiti
Kugwiritsa ntchito 6 Samarium mu Atomic Energy Reactor
7 europium kupanga magalasi ndi zowonetsera zamadzimadzi
Gadolinium 8 kwa chithunzithunzi chamankhwala maginito a resonance
9 terbium imagwiritsidwa ntchito powongolera mapiko a ndege
10 erbium imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu laser rangefinder muzochitika zankhondo
11 dysprosium imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero lowunikira filimu ndi kusindikiza
12 holmium imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zida zoyankhulirana zowoneka bwino
13 thulium imagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira matenda komanso kuchiza zotupa
14 ytterbium chowonjezera cha memory memory element
Kugwiritsa ntchito 15 lutetium muukadaulo wa batri yamagetsi
16 yttrium imapanga mawaya ndi zida zamphamvu za ndege
Scandium nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma alloys
Zambiri ndi izi:
1
Lanthanum (LA)
Mu Gulf War, chipangizo cha masomphenya ausiku chokhala ndi lanthanum chosowa padziko lapansi chinakhala gwero lalikulu la akasinja a US. Chithunzi pamwambapa chikuwonetsa ufa wa lanthanum chloride.(Mapu a data)
Lanthanum imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zida za piezoelectric, electrothermal materials, thermoelectric materials, magnetoresistive materials, luminescent materials (blue ufa), hydrogen storage materials, optical glass, laser materials, alloy materials osiyanasiyana, etc.Lanthanum imagwiritsidwanso ntchito muzothandizira pokonzekera mankhwala ambiri organic mankhwala, Asayansi atchula lanthanum "wapamwamba kashiamu" chifukwa zotsatira zake pa mbewu.
2
Cerium (CE)
Cerium ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira, electrode ya arc ndi galasi yapadera. Cerium alloy imagonjetsedwa ndi kutentha kwakukulu ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga mbali zoyendetsa ndege.(Mapu a data)
(1) Cerium, monga chowonjezera magalasi, imatha kuyamwa cheza cha ultraviolet ndi infuraredi, ndipo yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mugalasi lagalimoto. Imatha kuteteza cheza cha ultraviolet, komanso imachepetsa kutentha mkati mwagalimoto, kuti ipulumutse magetsi a mpweya. conditioning.Kuyambira 1997, ceria wawonjezedwa ku galasi zonse zamagalimoto ku Japan.Mu 1996, pafupifupi matani 2000 a ceria anagwiritsidwa ntchito mu galasi la galimoto, ndi matani oposa 1000 ku United States.
(2) Pakalipano, cerium ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pothandizira kuyeretsa utsi wagalimoto, zomwe zimatha kuletsa mpweya wochuluka wagalimoto kuti usatuluke mumlengalenga.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa Cerium ku United States kumapanga gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a anthu onse omwe amamwa dziko lapansi losowa.
(3) Cerium sulfide ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mu utoto m'malo mwa lead, cadmium ndi zitsulo zina zomwe zimawononga chilengedwe ndi anthu.Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupaka utoto wa mapulasitiki, zokutira, inki ndi mafakitale opanga mapepala.Pakali pano, kampani yotsogolera ndi French Rhone Planck.
(4) CE: LiSAF laser system ndi laser yokhazikika yopangidwa ndi United States.Ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira zida zamoyo ndi mankhwala poyang'anira tryptophan concentration.Cerium imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'madera ambiri.Pafupifupi mapulogalamu onse osowa padziko lapansi amakhala ndi cerium.Monga kupukuta, zosungiramo haidrojeni, zida zamagetsi, ma elekitirodi a cerium tungsten, ma ceramic capacitors, piezoelectric ceramics, cerium silicon carbide abrasives, zopangira ma cell amafuta, zopangira mafuta, zida zina zokhazikika zamaginito, alloy osiyanasiyana. zitsulo ndi zitsulo zopanda chitsulo.
3
Praseodymium (PR)
Praseodymium neodymium aloyi
(1) Praseodymium imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga ziwiya zadothi ndi zoumba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku.Itha kusakanikirana ndi glaze ya ceramic kuti ipangitse glaze, komanso ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati pigment ya underglaze.Pigment ndi yopepuka yachikasu ndi mtundu woyera komanso wokongola.
(2) Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga maginito okhazikika.Kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zotsika mtengo za praseodymium ndi neodymium m'malo mwa zitsulo za Pure Neodymium kuti apange maginito okhazikika, kukana kwake kwa okosijeni komanso makina amawongoleredwa mwachiwonekere amawongolera, ndipo amatha kusinthidwa kukhala maginito amitundu yosiyanasiyana. amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi ndi ma mota.
(3) Ntchito petroleum chothandizira cracking.The ntchito, selectivity ndi kukhazikika kwa chothandizira akhoza bwino powonjezera praseodymium olemera ndi neodymium mu Y zeolite maselo sieve kukonzekera mafuta osokoneza mafuta catalyst.China anayamba kuika mu ntchito mafakitale mu 1970s, ndipo kumwa kukuchulukirachulukira.
(4) Praseodymium ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito kupukuta kwa abrasive.Kuonjezera apo, praseodymium imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'munda wa kuwala kwa fiber.
4
Neodymium (ndi)
N'chifukwa chiyani tank M1 ingapezeke poyamba? Thanki ili ndi Nd: YAG laser rangefinder, yomwe imatha kufika pamtunda wa mamita pafupifupi 4000 masana.(Mapu a data)
Ndi kubadwa kwa praseodymium, neodymium inayamba kukhalapo.Kufika kwa neodymium kudayambitsa gawo losowa padziko lapansi, kudatenga gawo lofunikira kwambiri padziko lapansi, ndipo kudakhudza msika wosowa padziko lapansi.
Neodymium yakhala malo otentha pamsika kwazaka zambiri chifukwa cha malo ake apadera pazachilengedwe.The wosuta waukulu wa neodymium zitsulo ndi NdFeB okhazikika maginito zakuthupi.Kubwera kwa maginito a NdFeB okhazikika kwalowetsa mphamvu zatsopano m'munda wosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi.NdFeB maginito amatchedwa "mfumu ya maginito okhazikika" chifukwa cha mkulu maginito mphamvu product.It chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zamagetsi, makina ndi mafakitale ena ntchito zake zabwino kwambiri.Kukula bwino kwa Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer kukuwonetsa kuti maginito a maginito a NdFeB ku China adalowa mulingo wapadziko lonse lapansi.Neodymium imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazinthu zopanda chitsulo.Kuwonjezera 1.5-2.5% neodymium mu magnesium kapena zitsulo zotayidwa aloyi akhoza kusintha mkulu kutentha ntchito, zothina mpweya ndi dzimbiri kukana aloyi.Kuphatikiza apo, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet imapanga mtanda wa laser wozungulira, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuwotcherera ndi kudula zida zoonda ndi makulidwe ochepera 10mm m'makampani.Pazachipatala, Nd: LAG laser imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa opaleshoni kapena kupha mabala m'malo mwa scalpel.Neodymium imagwiritsidwanso ntchito popaka utoto magalasi ndi zida za ceramic komanso ngati chowonjezera cha zinthu za mphira.
5
Trollium (pm)
Thulium ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi zida zanyukiliya (mapu a data)
(1) angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati gwero la kutentha.Perekani mphamvu zothandizira kuti muzindikire vacuum ndi satellite yopangira.
(2)Pm147 imatulutsa ma β-ray omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa, omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga mabatire anganga.Monga mphamvu ya zida zowongolera zida ndi mawotchi.Batire yamtunduwu ndi yaying'ono kukula kwake ndipo imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza kwa zaka zingapo.Kuphatikiza apo, promethium imagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu chida chonyamula cha X-ray, kukonza phosphor, kuyeza makulidwe ndi nyali ya beacon.
6
Samarium (Sm)
Metal samarium (mapu a data)
Sm ndi yachikasu chopepuka, ndipo ndi maginito okhazikika a Sm-Co, ndipo maginito a Sm-Co ndiye maginito akale kwambiri padziko lapansi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani.Pali mitundu iwiri ya maginito okhazikika: SmCo5 dongosolo ndi Sm2Co17 dongosolo.Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, dongosolo la SmCo5 linapangidwa, ndipo dongosolo la Sm2Co17 linapangidwa pambuyo pake.Tsopano chofuna chachiwirichi chikuperekedwa patsogolo.Kuyera kwa samarium oxide komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mu samarium cobalt maginito sikuyenera kukhala kokwera kwambiri.Poganizira mtengo, makamaka kugwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi 95% ya zinthu.Kuphatikiza apo, samarium okusayidi imagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu ceramic capacitors ndi catalysts.Kuphatikiza apo, samarium ili ndi zida za nyukiliya, zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zomangira, zotchingira ndi zida zowongolera zamagetsi zamagetsi za atomiki, kotero kuti mphamvu yayikulu yopangidwa ndi nyukiliya fission ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mosamala.
7
Europium (EU)
Europium oxide powder (mapu a data)
Europium oxide imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga phosphors (mapu a data)
Mu 1901, Eugene-AntoleDemarcay adapeza chinthu chatsopano kuchokera ku "samarium", chotchedwa Europium.Izi mwina zimatchedwa dzina la mawu akuti Europe.Europium oxide imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga fulorosenti ufa.Eu3 + imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati activator of red phosphor, ndipo Eu2 + imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati phosphor ya buluu.Tsopano Y2O2S:Eu3+ ndi phosphor yabwino kwambiri yowunikira bwino, kukhazikika kwa zokutira ndi mtengo wobwezeretsanso.Kuphatikiza apo, ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa chakusintha kwaukadaulo monga kuwongolera bwino komanso kusiyanitsa.Europium oxide yagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati phosphor yolimbikitsa yotulutsa njira yatsopano yachipatala ya X-ray m'zaka zaposachedwa.Europium oxide itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga magalasi achikuda ndi zosefera zowonera, pazida zosungira maginito kuwira, Itha kuwonetsanso maluso ake muzinthu zowongolera, zida zotchingira ndi zida zamapangidwe a ma atomiki.
8
Gadolinium (Gd)
Gadolinium ndi ma isotopu ake ndizomwe zimayamwitsa neutron ndipo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zoletsa ma reactor a nyukiliya.(mapu a data)
(1) Malo ake osungunuka amadzi a paramagnetic amatha kupititsa patsogolo chithunzi cha NMR cha thupi la munthu pochiza.
(2) Sulfur oxide yake ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati matrix oscilloscope chubu ndi X-ray chophimba ndi kuwala kwapadera.
(3) Gadolinium ku Gadolinium Gallium Garnet ndi gawo limodzi loyenera lokumbukira kuwira.
(4) Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati sing'anga yolimba yamaginito yafiriji popanda kuletsa kwa Camot.
(5) Imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati choletsa kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa maunyolo amagetsi a nyukiliya kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo chazomwe zikuchitika.
(6) Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera cha samarium cobalt maginito kuonetsetsa kuti ntchitoyo sikusintha ndi kutentha.
9
Terbium (Tb)
Terbium oxide powder (mapu a data)
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa terbium makamaka kumakhudza malo apamwamba kwambiri, omwe ndi pulojekiti yamakono yokhala ndi luso lamakono komanso chidziwitso, komanso pulojekiti yomwe ili ndi ubwino wodabwitsa wa zachuma, ndi chiyembekezo chokongola cha chitukuko.
(1) Phosphors amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati oyambitsa ufa wobiriwira mu tricolor phosphors, monga terbium-activated phosphate matrix, terbium-activated silicate matrix ndi terbium-activated cerium-magnesium aluminate matrix, omwe onse amatulutsa kuwala kobiriwira m'malo okondwa.
(2) Zida zosungiramo maginito.M'zaka zaposachedwa, zida za terbium magneto-optical zafika pakukula kwa kupanga kwakukulu.Magneto-optical discs opangidwa ndi Tb-Fe amorphous films amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zosungira makompyuta, ndipo mphamvu yosungira imachulukitsidwa ndi 10 ~ 15 nthawi.
(3) Magneto-optical glass, terbium-containing Faraday rotatory glass ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri popanga ma rotator, isolators ndi annulators omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muukadaulo wa laser.Makamaka, chitukuko cha TerFenol watsegula ntchito yatsopano ya Terfenol, amene ndi nkhani yatsopano anapeza mu 1970s.Hafu ya aloyiyi imakhala ndi terbium ndi dysprosium, nthawi zina ndi holmium ndipo yotsalayo ndi iron.Aloyiyi idapangidwa koyamba ndi Ames Laboratory ku Iowa, USA.Terfenol ikayikidwa mu mphamvu ya maginito, kukula kwake kumasintha kwambiri kuposa maginito wamba, zomwe zimatha kupangitsa kuti makina aziyenda bwino.Chitsulo cha Terbium dysprosium chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa sonar poyamba, ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'madera ambiri panopa.
10
Dy (Dy)
Metal dysprosium (mapu a data)
(1) Monga chowonjezera cha NdFeB maginito okhazikika, kuwonjezera za 2 ~ 3% dysprosium kuti maginito akhoza kusintha mphamvu yake yokakamiza.M'mbuyomu, kufunika kwa dysprosium sikunali kwakukulu, koma ndi kuchuluka kwa maginito a NdFeB, kunakhala chinthu chofunikira chowonjezera, ndipo kalasi iyenera kukhala pafupifupi 95 ~ 99,9%, ndipo kufunikako kunakulanso mofulumira.
(2) Dysprosium imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati activator ya phosphor.Trivalent dysprosium ndi ion yodalirika yoyambitsa zida za tricolor luminescent yokhala ndi luminescent imodzi.Makamaka imakhala ndi magulu awiri otulutsa mpweya, imodzi ndi kuwala kwachikasu, inayo ndi yotulutsa buluu.Zida zowunikira zokhala ndi dysprosium zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati tricolor phosphors.
(3) Dysprosium ndi zofunika zitsulo zopangira pokonzekera Terfenol aloyi mu aloyi magnetostrictive, amene angathe kuzindikira zinthu zenizeni za kayendedwe makina.(4) Chitsulo cha Dysprosium chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati magneto-optical yosungirako zokhala ndi liwiro lojambulira komanso chidwi chowerenga.
(5) Ntchito yokonza nyali za dysprosium, chinthu chogwiritsidwa ntchito mu nyali za dysprosium ndi dysprosium iodide, yomwe ili ndi ubwino wa kuwala kwakukulu, mtundu wabwino, kutentha kwamtundu, kukula kochepa, arc yokhazikika ndi zina zotero, ndipo yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito. monga gwero lounikira filimu ndi kusindikiza.
(6) Dysprosium imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza kuchuluka kwa mphamvu za nyutroni kapena ngati choyezera nyutroni m'makampani opanga mphamvu za atomiki chifukwa cha gawo lalikulu la nyutroni.
(7) Dy3Al5O12 Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati maginito ntchito zinthu maginito firiji.Ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ndi ukadaulo, magawo ogwiritsira ntchito dysprosium adzakulitsidwa ndikukulitsidwa mosalekeza.
11
Holmium (Ho)
Ho-Fe alloy (mapu a data)
Pakalipano, gawo logwiritsira ntchito chitsulo liyenera kupititsidwa patsogolo, ndipo kumwa sikuli kwakukulu kwambiri.Posachedwapa, bungwe la Rare Earth Research Institute la Baotou Steel latengera ukadaulo wapamwamba woyeretsera zitsulo za vacuum distillation, ndipo lapanga chitsulo choyera kwambiri cha Qin Ho/>RE> 99.9% chokhala ndi zonyansa zomwe sizipezeka kawirikawiri padziko lapansi.
Pakali pano, ntchito zazikulu za maloko ndi:
(1) Monga chowonjezera cha chitsulo cha halogen nyali, nyali ya halogen yachitsulo ndi mtundu wa nyali yotulutsa mpweya, yomwe imapangidwa pamaziko a nyali ya mercury yapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo khalidwe lake ndilokuti babuyo imadzazidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dziko lapansi.Pakalipano, ma iodide osowa padziko lapansi amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka, omwe amatulutsa mizere yowoneka bwino pamene mpweya utuluka.Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nyali yachitsulo ndi qiniodide, Kuchuluka kwa maatomu achitsulo kumatha kupezeka m'dera la arc, motero kumapangitsa kuti dzuwa liziyenda bwino.
(2) Chitsulo chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chowonjezera chojambulira chitsulo kapena mabiliyoni a aluminiyamu garnet
(3) Khin-doped aluminium garnet (Ho: YAG) imatha kutulutsa 2um laser, ndipo mayamwidwe a 2um laser ndi minyewa yamunthu ndi okwera, pafupifupi maulalo atatu apamwamba kuposa a Hd: YAG.Chifukwa chake, mukamagwiritsa ntchito Ho: YAG laser pachipatala, sizingangowonjezera magwiridwe antchito komanso kulondola, komanso kuchepetsa malo owonongeka amafuta kukhala ochepa.Mtengo waulere wopangidwa ndi kristalo wotsekera ukhoza kuthetsa mafuta popanda kutulutsa kutentha kwambiri, Pofuna kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwamafuta ku minofu yathanzi, akuti chithandizo cha w-laser cha glaucoma ku United States chingachepetse ululu wa opaleshoni. wa 2um laser crystal ku China wafika mlingo mayiko, choncho m'pofunika kukhala ndi kutulutsa mtundu uwu wa galasi laser.
(4) Kuchepa kwa Cr kumatha kuwonjezeredwa mu aloyi ya magnetostrictive Terfenol-D kuti muchepetse gawo lakunja lofunikira kuti machulukitsidwe maginito.
(5) Komanso, chitsulo doped CHIKWANGWANI angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga CHIKWANGWANI laser, CHIKWANGWANI amplifier, CHIKWANGWANI sensa ndi zina kuwala zipangizo kulankhulana, amene adzakhala mbali yofunika kwambiri masiku ano mofulumira kuwala CHIKWANGWANI kulankhulana.
12
Erbium (ER)
Erbium oxide ufa (chidziwitso tchati)
(1) Kuwala kwa Er3 + pa 1550nm kuli ndi tanthauzo lapadera, chifukwa kutalika kwa mafundewa kumakhala pakutayika kochepa kwambiri kwa fiber optical mu optical fiber communication.Pambuyo posangalala ndi kuwala kwa 980nm ndi 1480nm, nyambo ya ion (Er3 +) imadutsa kuchokera kumtunda wa 4115 / 2 kupita ku 4I13 / 2 yamphamvu kwambiri. imatulutsa kuwala kwa 1550nm.Ulusi wa quartz umatha kutumiza kuwala kosiyanasiyana kwa mafunde, komabe, kutsika kwa kuwala kwa 1550nm band ndikotsika kwambiri (0.15 dB / km), komwe kuli pafupifupi kutsika kwa malire. imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kuwala kwa chizindikiro pa 1550 nm. Mwanjira iyi, ngati nyambo yoyenera ikusakanikirana ndi matrix oyenerera, amplifier akhoza kubwezera kutayika mu njira yolankhulirana molingana ndi mfundo ya laser, chifukwa chake, mu ma telecommunication network omwe. ikuyenera kukulitsa chizindikiro cha 1550nm, nyambo ya doped fiber amplifier ndi chipangizo chofunikira chowunikira.Pakali pano, nyambo ya doped silica fiber amplifier yakhala ikugulitsidwa. Zimanenedwa kuti pofuna kupewa kuyamwa kopanda phindu, kuchuluka kwa doped mu fiber optical ndi makumi mpaka mazana a ppm. .
(2) (2) Kuphatikiza apo, nyambo ya laser crystal ndi linanena bungwe 1730nm laser ndi 1550nm laser ndi otetezeka kwa maso a anthu, ntchito yabwino mumlengalenga kufala, amphamvu malowedwe kuti nkhondo utsi, chitetezo chabwino, si zophweka kudziwika ndi mdani, ndipo kusiyana kwa radiation ya zolinga zankhondo ndi kwakukulu.Yapangidwa kukhala chonyamula laser rangefinder chomwe chili chotetezeka kwa maso a anthu pakugwiritsa ntchito zankhondo.
(3) (3) Er3 + ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa mugalasi kuti ipange magalasi a laser osowa padziko lapansi, omwe ndi zinthu zolimba za laser zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri komanso mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri.
(4) Er3 + itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati ion yogwira muzosowa za laser zapadziko lapansi.
(5) (5) Kuphatikiza apo, nyamboyo itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pochotsa utoto komanso utoto wa magalasi agalasi ndi galasi la kristalo.
13
Thulium (TM)
Pambuyo poyatsidwa ndi zida zanyukiliya, thulium imapanga isotopu yomwe imatha kutulutsa X-ray, yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati gwero la X-ray(Mapu a data)
(1)TM amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la ma ray a makina onyamula a X-ray.Pambuyo poyatsidwa mu nuclear reactor,TMimapanga mtundu wa isotopu yomwe imatha kutulutsa X-ray, yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga chowunikira magazi chonyamula kunyamula.Mtundu uwu wa radiometer ukhoza kusintha yu-169 kukhalaTM-170 pansi pa zochita za mkulu ndi pakati mtengo, ndi kunyezimira X-ray kuti irradiate magazi ndi kuchepa maselo oyera.Ndi maselo oyera amwaziwa omwe amayambitsa kukana kuyika ziwalo, Kuti achepetse kukana koyambirira kwa ziwalo.
(2) (2)TMAngagwiritsidwenso ntchito pa matenda matenda ndi kuchiza chotupa chifukwa cha mkulu kuyanjana kwa chotupa minofu, katundu osowa dziko n'zogwirizana kwambiri kuposa kuwala osowa lapansi, makamaka kuyanjana kwa Yu ndi yaikulu.
(3) (3) The X-ray sensitizer Laobr: br (buluu) amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati activator mu phosphor ya X-ray sensitization chophimba kumapangitsanso tilinazo kuwala, motero kuchepetsa kukhudzana ndi kuvulaza X-ray kwa anthu × Mlingo wa radiation ndi 50%, womwe uli ndi tanthauzo lofunikira pazachipatala.
(4) (4) Nyali yachitsulo ya halide ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chowonjezera mu gwero latsopano lounikira.
(5) (5) Tm3 + akhoza kuwonjezeredwa mu galasi kupanga osowa dziko lapansi galasi laser zakuthupi, amene ndi olimba-boma laser chuma ndi kugunda kwakukulu linanena bungwe ndi apamwamba linanena bungwe power.Tm3 + Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati ion kutsegula za osowa lapansi upconversion laser zipangizo.
14
Ytterbium (Yb)
Ytterbium metal (mapu a data)
(1) Monga matenthedwe otchingira zotchingira zinthu.Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti galasi limatha kuwongolera kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa zokutira za electrodeposited zinki mwachiwonekere, ndipo kukula kwa njere ya zokutira ndi kalirole ndi kocheperako kuposa zokutira popanda kalilole.
(2) Monga magnetostrictive material.This zinthu ali ndi makhalidwe a magnetostriction chimphona, ndiko, kukula mu maginito field.The aloyi makamaka wapangidwa ndi galasi / ferrite aloyi ndi dysprosium / ferrite aloyi, ndi gawo lina la manganese anawonjezera kutulutsa. magnetostriction wamkulu.
(3) galasi logwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza kuthamanga.Mayesero amasonyeza kuti tilinazo galasi chinthu ndi mkulu mu calibrated kuthamanga osiyanasiyana, amene amatsegula njira yatsopano ntchito galasi muyeso kuthamanga.
(4) Zodzaza ndi utomoni pazibowo za ma molars kuti zilowe m'malo mwa siliva amalgam omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mbuyomu.
(5) Akatswiri a ku Japan amaliza bwino ntchito yokonza laser-doped vanadium baht garnet embedded line waveguide laser, yomwe ili yofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwaukadaulo wa laser.Kuphatikiza apo, galasilo limagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati fulorosenti ufa activator, radio ceramics, electronic computer memory element (magnetic bubble) additive, glass fiber flux ndi optical glass additive, etc.
15
Lutetium (Lu)
Lutetium oxide powder (mapu a data)
Yttrium lutetium silicate crystal (mapu a data)
(1) kupanga zosakaniza zapadera.Mwachitsanzo, lutetium aluminiyamu aloyi angagwiritsidwe ntchito kusanthula neutroni kutsegula.
(2) Ma nuclides okhazikika a lutetium amatenga gawo lothandizira pakuphwanya mafuta, alkylation, hydrogenation ndi polymerization.
(3) Kuwonjezera kwa chitsulo cha yttrium kapena yttrium aluminium garnet kungapangitse zinthu zina.
(4) Zopangira maginito kuwira posungira.
(5) Gulu lophatikizika la kristalo, lutetium-doped aluminium yttrium neodymium tetraborate, ndi gawo laukadaulo la njira yoziziritsira makristalo.Zoyeserera zikuwonetsa kuti kristalo wa lutetium-doped NYAB ndi wapamwamba kuposa kristalo wa NYAB mu mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso magwiridwe antchito a laser.
(6) Zapezeka kuti lutetium ili ndi ntchito zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito mu electrochromic display ndi low-dimensional molecular semiconductors.Kuphatikiza apo, lutetium imagwiritsidwanso ntchito muukadaulo wa batri yamagetsi ndi activator ya phosphor.
16
Yttrium (y)
Yttrium imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, yttrium aluminium garnet ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati laser material, yttrium iron garnet imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa teknoloji ya microwave ndi acoustic energy transfer, ndipo europium-doped yttrium vanadate ndi europium-doped yttrium oxide amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati phosphors kwa ma TV amitundu.(mapu a data)
(1) Zowonjezera zazitsulo ndi zosakaniza zopanda chitsulo.FeCr alloy nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi 0.5-4% yttrium, yomwe imatha kupititsa patsogolo kukana kwa okosijeni ndi ductility zazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri;Machulukidwe amtundu wa MB26 aloyi mwachiwonekere amawongoleredwa powonjezera kuchuluka koyenera kwa nthaka yosakanikirana ndi yttrium, yomwe ingalowe m'malo mwa ma aloyi apakati amphamvu a aluminiyamu ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'zigawo za ndege.Kuwonjezera pang'ono yttrium yolemera kwambiri padziko lapansi mu aloyi ya Al-Zr, Mayendedwe a aloyiyo amatha kukhala bwino;Aloyiyi yatengedwa ndi mafakitale ambiri amawaya ku China.Kuonjezera yttrium mu aloyi yamkuwa kumapangitsa kuti ma conductivity apangidwe komanso mphamvu zamakina.
(2) Silicon nitride ceramic zinthu munali 6% yttrium ndi 2% zotayidwa angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga mbali injini.
(3) The Nd: Y: Al: Garnet laser mtengo ndi mphamvu 400 Watts ntchito kubowola, kudula ndi kuwotcherera zigawo zikuluzikulu.
(4) Chotchinga cha ma electron microscope chopangidwa ndi Y-Al garnet single crystal chili ndi kuwala kwakukulu kwa fulorosenti, kuyamwa kochepa kwa kuwala kwamwazikana, komanso kukana kutentha kwakukulu komanso kukana kuvala kwa makina.
(5) High yttrium structural alloy yomwe ili ndi 90% yttrium ingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyendetsa ndege ndi malo ena omwe amafunikira kachulukidwe kakang'ono komanso malo osungunuka kwambiri.
(6) Yttrium-doped SrZrO3 high-temperature proton conductive material, yomwe imakopa chidwi kwambiri pakalipano, ndiyofunikira kwambiri pakupanga maselo amafuta, ma cell electrolytic ndi masensa agesi omwe amafunikira kusungunuka kwa hydrogen.Kuonjezera apo, yttrium imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati kupopera mankhwala kutentha kwambiri, kusungunula kwa mafuta a atomiki riyakitala, chowonjezera cha zipangizo zokhazikika zamaginito, ndi getter mu makampani amagetsi.
17
Scandium (Sc)
Metal scandium (mapu a data)
Poyerekeza ndi zinthu za yttrium ndi lanthanide, scandium ili ndi radius yaying'ono kwambiri komanso alkalinity yofooka kwambiri ya hydroxide.Chifukwa chake, scandium ndi zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosowa zitasakanizidwa, scandium imayamba kutsika ikathandizidwa ndi ammonia (kapena kusungunula kwambiri alkali), kotero imatha kulekanitsidwa mosavuta ndi zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe sizipezeka mwa njira ya "fractional precipitation".Njira ina ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito polarization decomposition of nitrate for separation.Scandium nitrate ndi yosavuta kuwola, motero kukwaniritsa cholinga cha kulekana.
Sc ikhoza kupezedwa ndi electrolysis.ScCl3, KCl ndi LiCl zimasungunuka panthawi yoyengedwa ndi scandium, ndipo zinki yosungunuka imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cathode ya electrolysis, kotero kuti scandium imadutsa pa electrode ya zinki, ndiyeno zinki imasungunuka kuti ipeze scandium.Kuphatikiza apo, scandium imapezedwa mosavuta pokonza miyala kuti ipange uranium, thorium ndi lanthanide zinthu.Kuchira kwathunthu kwa scandium yogwirizana kuchokera ku tungsten ndi malata ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri za scandium.Scandium ndi m.ainly mu trivalent state mu pawiri, amene ali oxidized mosavuta Sc2O3 mu mpweya ndipo amataya zitsulo zonyezimira ndi kusanduka imvi mdima.
Ntchito zazikulu za scandium ndi:
(1) Scandium imatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi madzi otentha kuti itulutse haidrojeni, komanso imasungunuka mu asidi, motero imakhala yochepetsera kwambiri.
(2) Scandium oxide ndi hydroxide ndi zamchere zokha, koma phulusa lake lamchere silingathe kupangidwa ndi hydrolyzed.Scandium chloride ndi kristalo woyera, wosungunuka m'madzi komanso wonyezimira mumlengalenga. (3) M'makampani opanga zitsulo, scandium nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma alloys (zowonjezera za aloyi) kuti apititse patsogolo mphamvu, kuuma, kukana kutentha ndi magwiridwe antchito a aloyi.Mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezera kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka chitsulo chosungunula kumatha kusintha kwambiri zinthu zachitsulo chosungunuka, pomwe kuwonjezera kachulukidwe kakang'ono ku aluminiyamu kumatha kukulitsa mphamvu zake komanso kukana kutentha.
(4) Mu makampani amagetsi, scandium ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zipangizo zosiyanasiyana za semiconductor.Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito scandium sulfite mu semiconductors kwakopa chidwi kunyumba ndi kunja, ndipo ferrite yomwe ili ndi scandium ikulonjezanso.kompyuta maginito cores.
(5) Mumakampani opanga mankhwala, scandium pawiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mowa dehydrogenation ndi dehydration agent, yomwe ndi chothandizira chothandizira kupanga ethylene ndi chlorine kuchokera ku zinyalala za hydrochloric acid.
(6) M'makampani agalasi, magalasi apadera okhala ndi scandium amatha kupangidwa.
(7) M'makampani opangira magetsi, nyali za scandium ndi sodium zopangidwa ndi scandium ndi sodium zili ndi ubwino wochita bwino kwambiri komanso kuwala kowala bwino.
(8) Scandium ilipo mu mawonekedwe a 45Sc mu chilengedwe.Kuphatikiza apo, pali ma isotopu asanu ndi anayi a Scandium, omwe ndi 40 ~ 44Sc ndi 46 ~ 49Sc.Pakati pawo, 46Sc, ngati tracer, yagwiritsidwa ntchito mumakampani opanga mankhwala, zitsulo ndi zojambulajambula.Zamankhwala, pali anthu akunja omwe amaphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito 46Sc kuchiza khansa.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-04-2022