Zamatsenga Zosowa Padziko Lapansi: Cerium

Cerium ndi 'm'bale wamkulu' wosatsutsika m'banja lalikulu la zinthu zosowa padziko lapansi.Choyamba, kuchuluka konse kwa dziko lapansi losowa mu kutumphuka ndi 238ppm, ndi cerium pa 68ppm, kuwerengera 28% ya kuchuluka kwapadziko lonse komwe kumakhala kosowa kwambiri ndikuyika koyamba;Kachiwiri, cerium ndi chinthu chachiwiri chosowa padziko lapansi chomwe chinapezeka zaka zisanu ndi zinayi kuchokera pamene yttrium (1794) anatulukira.Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake ndikwambiri, ndipo "cerium" sikuyimitsidwa

Kupezeka kwa Cerium Element

Carl Auer von Welsbach

Cerium inapezedwa ndikutchulidwa mu 1803 ndi German Kloppers, Swedish chemist J ö ns Jakob Berzelius, ndi Swedish mineralogist Wilhelm Hisinger.Amatchedwa ceria, ndipo miyala yake imatchedwa cerite, pokumbukira Ceres, asteroid yomwe inapezeka mu 1801. Ndipotu, mtundu uwu wa cerium silicate ndi mchere wa hydrated womwe uli ndi 66% mpaka 70% cerium, pamene ena onse ndi mankhwala a calcium. , iron, ndiyttrium.

Kugwiritsa ntchito koyamba kwa cerium kunali poyatsira gasi wopangidwa ndi katswiri wamankhwala wa ku Austria Carl Auer von Welsbach.Mu 1885, adayesa kusakaniza kwa magnesium, lanthanum, ndi yttrium oxide, koma zosakanizazi zinatulutsa kuwala kobiriwira koma osapambana.

Mu 1891, adapeza kuti thorium oxide yoyera imapanga kuwala kwabwinoko, ngakhale kuti kunali buluu, ndikusakaniza ndi Cerium (IV) oxide kuti apange kuwala koyera.Kuphatikiza apo, Cerium(IV) okusayidi itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chothandizira kuyaka kwa thorium oxide.

Cerium zitsulo

★ Cerium ndi ductile ndi siliva yofewa chitsulo choyera chokhala ndi zinthu zogwira ntchito.Ikawululidwa ndi mpweya, imakhala ndi okosijeni, kupanga dzimbiri ngati peeling oxide layer.Ikatenthedwa, imayaka ndikuchitapo kanthu mwachangu ndi madzi.Chitsanzo chachitsulo cha cerium cha centimita chimawononga kwathunthu mkati mwa chaka chimodzi.Pewani kukhudzana ndi mpweya, ma okosijeni amphamvu, ma asidi amphamvu, ndi ma halojeni.

★ Cerium imapezeka makamaka ku monazite ndi bastnaesite, komanso m'zinthu za fission za uranium, thorium, ndi plutonium.Zowononga chilengedwe, chidwi chapadera chiyenera kuperekedwa pakuipitsa matupi amadzi.

★ Cerium ndiye chinthu cha 26 chochuluka kwambiri, chomwe chili ndi 68ppm ya kutumphuka kwa Dziko Lapansi, chachiwiri ndi mkuwa (68ppm).Cerium ndi yochuluka kuposa zitsulo wamba monga lead (13pm) ndi malata (2.1ppm).

Kusintha kwa Cerium Electron

Makonzedwe apakompyuta:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p66s2 4f1 5d1
★ Cerium imapezeka pambuyo pa lanthanum ndipo ili ndi ma electron a 4f kuyambira ku cerium, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kutenga nawo mbali pazochitika za mankhwala.Komabe, orbital ya 5d ya cerium imakhala, ndipo izi sizikhala zolimba mokwanira mu cerium.

★ Lanthanide yambiri imatha kugwiritsa ntchito ma elekitironi atatu okha ngati ma elekitironi a Valence, kupatula cerium, yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe amagetsi osinthika.Mphamvu ya ma elekitironi 4f ndi pafupifupi ofanana ndi ma elekitironi kunja 5d ndi 6s ma elekitironi delocalized mu boma zitsulo, ndi pang'ono chabe mphamvu chofunika kusintha wachibale ntchito ya milingo yamagetsi amenewa mphamvu, chifukwa pawiri valence wa. +3 ndi +4.Mkhalidwe wabwinobwino ndi +3 valence, kuwonetsa +4 valence m'madzi a anaerobic.
Kugwiritsa ntchito cerium

★ Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera cha aloyi komanso kupanga mchere wa cerium, ndi zina zambiri.

★ Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera cha galasi kuti itenge kuwala kwa ultraviolet ndi infrared, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mugalasi la Galimoto.

★ Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chabwino kwambiri chotetezera chilengedwe, ndipo pakadali pano choyimilira kwambiri ndi chothandizira kuyeretsa utsi wamagalimoto, chomwe chimalepheretsa kuchuluka kwa gasi wotulutsa magalimoto kuti asatulutsidwe mumlengalenga.

★ Kuwalazosowa zapadziko lapansimakamaka wopangidwa ndi cerium monga zowongolera kukula kwa mbewu zimatha kukulitsa zokolola, kukulitsa zokolola, ndikukulitsa kukana kupsinjika kwa mbewu.

★ Cerium sulfide ingalowe m'malo mwa zitsulo monga lead ndi cadmium zomwe zimawononga chilengedwe komanso anthu mu utoto, zimatha kukongoletsa mapulasitiki, komanso zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popaka utoto ndi inki.

★Cerium (IV) oxideangagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati kupukuta pawiri, mwachitsanzo, mu Chemical-makina kupukuta (CMP).

★ Cerium itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati hydrogen zosungiramo zinthu, thermoelectric ma elekitirodi cerium tungsten ma elekitirodi, Ceramic capacitor, piezoelectric ceramics, cerium silicon carbide abrasives, mafuta cell zopangira, chothandizira petulo, okhazikika maginito zipangizo, mankhwala, zitsulo zosiyanasiyana aloyi ndi sanali- zitsulo zachitsulo.