Nambala ya atomiki yathulium elementndi 69 ndipo kulemera kwake kwa atomiki ndi 168.93421.Zomwe zili m'nthaka ya dziko lapansi ndi magawo awiri mwa magawo atatu a 100000, chomwe ndi chinthu chochepa kwambiri pakati pa zinthu zapadziko lapansi.Amapezeka makamaka mu silico beryllium yttrium ore, miyala yamtengo wapatali yagolide yakuda, phosphorous yttrium ore, ndi monazite.Gawo lalikulu la zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe zili mu monazite nthawi zambiri zimafika 50%, ndipo thulium imawerengera 0.007%.Isotope yokhazikika yachilengedwe ndi thulium 169 yokha. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagetsi opangira magetsi opangira magetsi, ma lasers, ma superconductors apamwamba kwambiri, ndi zina.
Kupeza Mbiri
Zapezeka ndi: PT Cleve
Inapezeka mu 1878
Mossander atalekanitsa dziko lapansi la erbium ndi terbium lapansi ku yttrium lapansi mu 1842, akatswiri ambiri a zamankhwala adagwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kowoneka bwino kuti azindikire ndikuzindikira kuti sanali ma oxides enieni a chinthu, zomwe zidalimbikitsa akatswiri azamankhwala kuti apitirize kuzilekanitsa.Pambuyo pa kulekanaytterbium oxidendiscandium oxidekuchokera ku nyambo ya okosijeni, Cliff analekanitsa ma elemental oxides awiri atsopano mu 1879. Mmodzi wa iwo anatchedwa thulium kukumbukira dziko la Cliff ku Peninsula ya Scandinavia (Thulia), ndi chizindikiro cha Tu ndipo tsopano Tm.Ndi kupezedwa kwa thulium ndi zinthu zina zosowa zapadziko lapansi, theka lina la gawo lachitatu la kutulukira zinthu za rare Earth latha.
Kukonzekera kwamagetsi
Kukonzekera kwamagetsi
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f13
Thuliumndi chitsulo choyera chasiliva chokhala ndi ductility ndipo chikhoza kudulidwa ndi mpeni chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake ofewa;Malo osungunuka 1545 ° C, malo otentha 1947 ° C, kachulukidwe 9.3208.
Thulium imakhala yokhazikika mumlengalenga;Thulium oxidendi kristalo wobiriwira wowala.Mchere (divalent salt) oxides onse ndi obiriwira owala mu mtundu.
Kugwiritsa ntchito
Ngakhale thulium ndiyosowa komanso yokwera mtengo, imakhalabe ndi ntchito zina m'magawo apadera.
gwero la kuwala kwamphamvu kwambiri
Thulium nthawi zambiri imalowetsedwa m'magwero a kuwala kwamphamvu kwambiri monga ma halidi aukhondo kwambiri (nthawi zambiri thulium bromide), ndi cholinga chogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a thulium.
Laser
Mitundu itatu ya doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Ho: Cr: Tm: YAG) yolimba-state pulse laser imatha kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito thulium ion, chromium ion, ndi holmium ion mu yttrium aluminium garnet, yomwe imatha kutulutsa kutalika kwa 2097 nm;Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magulu ankhondo, azachipatala, komanso azanyengo.Kutalika kwa mafunde a laser opangidwa ndi thulium doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Tm: YAG) solid-state pulse laser kuyambira 1930 nm mpaka 2040 nm.Kutulutsa pamwamba pa minofu ndikothandiza kwambiri, chifukwa kumatha kuletsa kutsekeka kuti kusakhale kozama mumlengalenga ndi m'madzi.Izi zimapangitsa ma lasers a thulium kukhala ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kogwiritsa ntchito maopaleshoni oyambira a laser.Thulium laser imakhala yothandiza kwambiri pakuchotsa minofu chifukwa cha kuchepa kwamphamvu komanso mphamvu yolowera, ndipo imatha kukhazikika popanda kuvulaza kwambiri.Izi zimapangitsa ma laser a thulium kukhala ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kogwiritsa ntchito opaleshoni ya laser
Thulium doped laser
Gwero la X-ray
Ngakhale kukwera mtengo, zida zonyamula za X-ray zomwe zili ndi thulium zayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati magwero a radiation pamagetsi anyukiliya.Ma radiation amenewa amakhala ndi moyo pafupifupi chaka chimodzi ndipo amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zowunikira zamankhwala ndi mano, komanso zida zodziwira zolakwika zamakina ndi zida zamagetsi zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuzifikitsa ndi anthu.Magwero a radiation awa safuna kutetezedwa kwakukulu kwa ma radiation - ndi mtovu wocheperako womwe umafunikira.Kugwiritsa ntchito thulium 170 ngati gwero la radiation yochizira khansa yamitundu yosiyanasiyana kukuchulukirachulukira.Isotopu ili ndi theka la moyo wa masiku 128.6 ndi mizere isanu yotulutsa mphamvu kwambiri (7.4, 51.354, 52.389, 59.4, ndi 84.253 kiloelectron volts).Thulium 170 ndi amodzi mwa magwero anayi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mafakitale.
Kutentha kwakukulu kwa superconducting zipangizo
Mofanana ndi yttrium, thulium imagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu superconductors yotentha kwambiri.Thulium imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu ferrite ngati maginito a ceramic omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zida za microwave.Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake apadera, thulium ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pakuwunikira kwa nyali za arc ngati scandium, ndipo kuwala kobiriwira komwe kumatulutsidwa ndi nyali za arc pogwiritsa ntchito thulium sikudzaphimbidwa ndi mizere yotulutsa zinthu zina.Chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kutulutsa fluorescence ya buluu pansi pa cheza cha ultraviolet, thulium imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zotsutsana ndi zabodza m'mabanki a euro.Fulorosenti ya buluu yotulutsidwa ndi calcium sulphate yowonjezeredwa ndi thulium imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa dosimetry yaumwini pozindikira mlingo wa radiation.
Mapulogalamu ena
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake apadera, thulium ingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyatsa nyali ya arc ngati scandium, ndipo kuwala kobiriwira komwe kumatulutsidwa ndi nyali za arc zomwe zili ndi thulium sikudzaphimbidwa ndi mizere yotulutsa zinthu zina.
Thulium imatulutsa fluorescence ya buluu pansi pa cheza cha ultraviolet, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwazizindikiro zotsutsana ndi zabodza m'mabanki a euro.
Euro pansi pa kuwala kwa UV, ndi zizindikiro zomveka bwino zotsutsana ndi zabodza
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-25-2023