Ndi chiyanidziko lapansi?
Anthu ali ndi mbiri yazaka zopitilira 200 kuyambira kupezeka kwa dziko lapansi mu 1794. Popeza panali mchere wocheperako mu 1794. Popeza panali mchere wosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi, otukwana okha okonda kupezeka ndi njira yamadzi. M'mbuyomu, ambiri, okonda anthu oterewa ankakonda "dziko lapansi", chifukwa chake dzina la padziko lapansi.
M'malo mwake, zosowa zapadziko lapansi sizikhala zachilengedwe. Dziko Losowa padziko lapansi si dziko lapansi, koma chitsulo chachitsulo. Mtundu wake wogwira ntchito ndi wachiwiri ku ma metals alkali ndi alkaline dziko lapansi. Amakhala ndi zokhutira kwambiri pamtundu wamba wamba, zinc, tini, cobat, ndi nickel.
Pakadali pano, anthu osowa kwambiri akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'minda monga zamagetsi, petrochemicals, metoldurgy, pafupifupi zaka 3-5, asayansi isanu ndi imodzi, ndipo munthu sangathe kuchita zolengedwa zapadziko lapansi zokha.
China imakhala ndi mchere wambiri padziko lapansi, lomwe limayamba m'misanki zitatu: zotsala, zopanga, komanso kuchuluka kwa voliyumu kunja. Nthawi yomweyo, China ndiko kokhako komwe kungapereke zitsulo zonse zapadziko lapansi 17, makamaka zapakati komanso zowopsa zokhala ndi zankhondo zotchuka kwambiri.
Nyengo Yatsopano Yapadziko Lapansi
Zinthu zanthawi zonse padziko lapansi zimapangidwa ndi zinthu za Lantanide pagome lazinthu zamankhwala:Lanthanum(LA),ceum(CE),Praseymium(Pr),Newdyoum(ND), Promethium (PM),mhamarium(SM),Europium(EU),gadolinium(GD),mnyanga(TB),Dysprium(Dy),Holmium(Ho),Erbium(Er),mapelium(TM),yterbium(Yb),lutetium(Lu), ndi zinthu ziwiri zokhudzana ndi Lanthanide:sinandium(Sc) ndiYNTrium(Y).
ImatchedwaDziko lapansi, wachidule ngati dziko lapansi wamba.
Gulu la Zinthu Zapadziko Lonse Lapansi
Yotchulidwa ndi zinthu zakuthupi ndi mankhwala:
Zinthu zowala zapadziko lapansi:Scandamium, Y Winhanum, Cendium, Cerodymium, Newdymium, Promethium, Samarium, Europium
Zinthu zolemera zamphongo zapadziko lapansi:Gadolinium, Thypium, Dysprium, Holmium, Erbium, Thlium, YTERTBIum, Lutetium
Yotchulidwa ndi michere ya mchere:
Gulu la Crium:Lanthanum, Cerium, Praseodymium, Newdymium, Promethium, Samarium, Europium
Gulu la YNTERIum:Gadolinium, Thyprium, Dysprium, Holmium, Erbium, Thlium, YTERTBIum, Lutetium, yttrium
Kugawidwa ndi Kulekanitsidwa:
Dziko Lopepuka (P204 Zofooka acidity): Lanthanum, Cedeum, Praseodymium, Newdymium
Padziko Lonse Lapansi (P204 Kuchotsa acidity):Samarium, Europium, GADolinium, Thyprium, dysprium
Dziko Lonse Lalikulu (Acidity Kuchotsa mu P204):Holmium, Erbium, Thlium, YTERTBIum, Lutetium, Y.
Katundu wa zinthu zamtundu wapadziko lapansi
Ntchito zoposa 50 za zinthu zachilengedwe padziko lapansi zimagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe awo apadera 4f, zomwe zimawapangitsa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito zinthu zonse zomwe zimachitika kwambiri komanso zida zapamwamba kwambiri.
4F ectron
1. Mankhwala akuthupi ndi mankhwala
★ ili ndi katundu wachitsulo; Ndi siliva
★ Mitundu yolemera ya oxide
★ Fomu yokhazikika ndi zitsulo zopanda zitsulo
★ Zikondwerero
★ Zosavuta kutsanulira mlengalenga
2 Makoeclectronic katundu
★ Suplayer 4F Oplayer, pomwe ma elekitole 4f amatetezedwa ndi ma elekitoni akunja, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwonetsero zosiyanasiyana
Kusintha kwa ma elekitironi 4F, amatha kuyamwa kapena kutulutsa ma radiation osiyanasiyana kuchokera ku ultraviolet, kuwoneka kwa zigawo zopezeka, ndikuwapangitsa kukhala oyenera ngati zinthu zopindulitsa
★ Good conductivity, capable of preparing rare earth metals by electrolysis method
Udindo wa ma elekitoni 4f a zinthu zosowa padziko lapansi zatsopano
1.Materials amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi a 4F
★ 4f electron spin dongosolo:kuwonetsedwa ngati maginito olimba - oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito maginito okhazikika, zinthu zoyerekeza za Mri Magning, ma discondec, supercondectors, ndi zina
★: kuwonetsedwa ngati Lumakescem
Kusintha kwa magetsi mu 4F mphamvu yowongolera: yowonetsedwa ngati katundu - yoyenera kujambula ndi kupangira utoto wa zigawo zotentha, mafuta, mafuta a ceramic, galasi, etc
2 ikugwirizana molunjika ndi 4f elekitron, pogwiritsa ntchito radius ya ionic, yolipiritsa ndi mankhwala
★ Makhalidwe a Nuclear:
Mafuta ang'onoang'ono a Newrcor Netpron Stater - yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ngati zida za Nuclear, etc
Great Inpron Matapt Cross Gawo la Ndege - Yoyenera Zipangizo Zotchinga za Nuclear Custiction, etc
★ Ndondomeko Yadziko Lapansi Ionic Ionic radius, woyang'anira, wakuthupi ndi mankhwala:
Zofooka zofananira, radius yofananira, mankhwala, ndalama zosiyanasiyana - zoyenera kutenthetsa, zothandizira, kuzindikira, etring element
Zojambulajambula - zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito yikazi
Electro Honal ndi Diectric - yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ngati zida zosinthira, zowoneka bwino, etc
Post Nthawi: Jul-06-2023