Ndi chiyanidziko losowa?
Anthu ali ndi mbiri ya zaka zoposa 200 kuchokera pamene anapeza dziko lapansi losowa kwambiri mu 1794. Popeza panali mchere wochepa wa Rare-earth womwe unapezeka panthawiyo, ndi madzi ochepa chabe omwe amatha kusungunuka pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala.M'mbiri yakale, ma oxide oterowo nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "dziko lapansi", chifukwa chake amatchedwa dziko lapansi losowa.
M'malo mwake, mchere wa Rare-earth si osowa m'chilengedwe.Dziko lapansi losowa si dziko lapansi, koma ndi chinthu chachitsulo.Mtundu wake wogwira ntchito ndi wachiwiri kwa zitsulo zamchere ndi zitsulo zamchere zamchere.Ali ndi zambiri mu kutumphuka kuposa mkuwa wamba, zinki, tini, cobalt, ndi faifi tambala.
Pakalipano, dziko lapansi losowa lagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zosiyanasiyana monga zamagetsi, petrochemicals, metallurgy, ndi zina zotero. Pafupifupi zaka 3-5 zilizonse, asayansi amatha kupeza ntchito zatsopano zapadziko lapansi, ndipo mwazinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zilizonse, munthu sangachite. popanda zosowa nthaka.
China ili ndi mchere wambiri wapadziko lonse lapansi, womwe uli pamalo oyamba m'masanjidwe atatu apadziko lonse lapansi: nkhokwe, sikelo yopangira, ndi kuchuluka kwa zotumiza kunja.Nthawi yomweyo, China ndi dziko lokhalo lomwe lingapereke zitsulo zonse 17 zapadziko lapansi, makamaka zapakatikati ndi zolemetsa zomwe zimakhala ndi zida zodziwika bwino zankhondo.
Zosowa za Earth element
Zinthu zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi zimapangidwa ndi zinthu za Lanthanide mu tebulo la periodic la maelementi a mankhwala:lanthanum(La),cerium(Ndi),praseodymium(Pr),neodymium(Nd), promethium (Pm),samarium(Sm),europium(EU),gadolinium(Mulungu),terbium(Tb),dysprosium(Dy),holmium(Iwo),erbium(Er),thulium(Tm),ytterbium(Yb),lutetium(Lu), ndi zinthu ziwiri zogwirizana kwambiri ndi lanthanide:scandium(Sc) ndiyttrium(Y).
AmatchedwaRare Earth, yofupikitsidwa monga Rare Earth.
Gulu la zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosowa
Zogawidwa ndi thupi ndi mankhwala a maelementi:
Zinthu zapadziko lapansi zowala kwambiri:scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium
Zolemera kwambiri zapadziko lapansi:gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium
Amagawidwa m'magulu a mineral:
Gulu la Cerium:lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium
Gulu la Yttrium:gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, yttrium
Kugawika mwa kulekanitsa m'zigawo:
Dziko lapansi losowa kwambiri (P204 yofooka acidity m'zigawo): lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium
Dziko lapansi losowa kwambiri (P204 low acidity m'zigawo):samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium
Dziko lolemera kwambiri (kutulutsa acidity mu P204):holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, yttrium
Katundu wa zinthu zachilendo padziko lapansi
Ntchito zopitilira 50 za zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosowa ndizogwirizana ndi mawonekedwe awo apadera amagetsi a 4f, kuwapangitsa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zachikhalidwe komanso zida zatsopano zamakono.
4f electron orbit
1. Thupi ndi mankhwala katundu
★ Ali ndi zitsulo zoonekeratu;Ndi imvi yasiliva, kupatula praseodymium ndi neodymium, imawoneka yachikasu chopepuka
★ Mitundu yolemera ya oxide
★ Pangani zokhazikika zokhazikika ndi zopanda zitsulo
★ Zitsulo zamoyo
★ Easy oxidize mu mlengalenga
2 Optoelectronic katundu
★ 4f sublayer yosadzaza, pomwe ma electron a 4f amatetezedwa ndi ma elekitironi akunja, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mawu osiyanasiyana komanso milingo yamphamvu.
Ma electron a 4f akasintha, amatha kuyamwa kapena kutulutsa ma radiation amitundu yosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku ultraviolet, kuwoneka kumadera a infuraredi, kuwapangitsa kukhala oyenera ngati zida zowunikira.
★ Madulidwe abwino, otha kukonza zitsulo zapadziko lapansi zomwe sizipezeka mwa njira ya electrolysis
Udindo wa 4f Electrons of Rare Earth Elements mu Zatsopano
1.Zinthu zogwiritsa ntchito 4f zamagetsi zamagetsi
★ 4f ma electron spin makonzedwe:kuwonetseredwa ngati maginito amphamvu - oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zokhazikika za maginito, zida zojambulira za MRI, masensa maginito, ma superconductors, ndi zina zambiri.
★ 4f orbital electron kusintha: kuwonetseredwa ngati katundu luminescent - oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zipangizo luminescent monga phosphors, lasers infuraredi, CHIKWANGWANI amplifiers, etc.
Kusintha kwamagetsi mu bandi yowongolera mphamvu ya 4f: kumawonetsedwa ngati mawonekedwe amitundu - oyenera kukongoletsa ndi kutulutsa mitundu yazigawo zotentha, ma pigment, mafuta a ceramic, galasi, ndi zina zambiri.
2 imagwirizana mwachindunji ndi ma elekitironi a 4f, pogwiritsa ntchito radius ya Ionic, mtengo ndi mankhwala
★ Makhalidwe a nyukiliya:
Gawo laling'ono lotenthetsera la neutron Absorption cross - yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zamanyukiliya, ndi zina zambiri.
Gawo lalikulu la neutron Absorption cross - yoyenera kutchingira zida zanyukiliya, ndi zina zambiri.
★ Rare Earth Ionic radius, charge, thupi ndi mankhwala:
Zowonongeka za Lattice, ma radius ofanana a Ionic, katundu wamankhwala, zolipiritsa zosiyanasiyana - zoyenera kutenthetsa, chothandizira, zomverera, ndi zina.
Makhalidwe apadera - oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida za hydrogen yosungirako alloy cathode, mayamwidwe a microwave, etc.
Electro Optical and dielectric properties - zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zipangizo zosinthira kuwala, zoumba zowonekera, ndi zina zotero.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-06-2023