Mavidiyo a papillary pa zala za umunthu amakhala osasinthika mosiyanasiyana chifukwa cha kubadwa kwawo chifukwa chobadwa, kukhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana kuchokera kwa munthu kupita kwa munthu yemweyo ali osiyana. Papilla pazala zala zam'manja zatha ndikugawidwa ndi pores ambiri thukuta. Thupi laumunthu limagwiritsa ntchito mosalekeza Madzi okhudzana ndi thukuta ndi mafuta amisala monga mafuta. Zinthu izi zimasamutsa ndikukhazikitsa pa chinthucho akamalumikizana, ndikupanga mawonekedwe pa chinthucho. Ndizowona kuti ndi mawonekedwe apadera omwe amasindikiza masikono, kukhazikika kwawo, komanso chikhalidwe chowoneka ngati chizindikiro chazala chigawengacho chifukwa cha zala zam'masiku azaka za m'ma 1800.
Pazochitika za upandu, kupatula zithunzi zitatu ndi zithunzi zowoneka bwino, kupezeka kwa zala zakumaso ndikokwera kwambiri. Zala zakuthupi zomwe zimafunikira kukonzanso kudzera mwadzidzidzi kapena kusintha kwa mankhwala. Njira zomwe zingakhalepo zotsalazo zomwe zingachitike pazala zam'manja makamaka zimaphatikizapo kukula kwa makope, kukula kwa ufa, ndi chitukuko cha mankhwala. Pakati pawo, chitukuko cha ufa chimakondedwa ndi zigawo za udzu chifukwa cha ntchito yake yosavuta komanso mtengo wotsika. Komabe, zofooka za ufa zam'manja zam'manja sizimakwaniritsanso zosowa zaukadaulo, monga mitundu yovuta komanso yosiyanasiyana ndi zida za chinthu chomwe chili pachiwopsezo cha chala. Kukula kwake, mawonekedwe, ma uscle, kukula kwa mapangidwe, ndi magwiridwe apatsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kumakhudza chidwi cha ufa; Kusankha kwa ufa wachikhalidwe kumakhala osauka, makamaka owonjezera otsetsereka a zinthu zonyowa pa ufa, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri kusankha kwa mapangidwe azikhalidwe. M'zaka zaposachedwa, ogwira ntchito zaukadaulo akhala akufufuza mosalekeza zida zatsopano ndi njira zatsopano, zomwedziko lapansiZipangizo za Loumunecent zakopa chidwi cha zigawenga zachiwerewere komanso zaukadaulo chifukwa cha kuwunika kwawo kwapadera, kusiyanasiyana kwambiri, kusangalatsa kwakukulu, komanso poizoni wotsika pakuwonetsa zalankhulidwe. Zinthu zomwe zinadzaza kwambiri 4f zopangidwa padziko lapansi zamtundu wina padziko lapansi, ndipo ma 5s ndi 5P ndi 5p shuga wosanjikiza wa nyama zamtundu wina padziko lapansi. Ma elekitoni 4F amatetezedwa, kupereka ma electroni a 4F mbali yapadera yoyenda. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zachilengedwe zapadziko lapansi zomwe zikuwonetsa kujambula bwino komanso kusanza kwamankhwala popanda chithunzi, kuthana ndi malire omwe amagwiritsa ntchito utoto wopangidwa mwamphamvu. Kuphatikiza apo,dziko lapansiZinthu zimakhudzanso zamagetsi zapamwamba komanso zamatsenga poyerekeza ndi zinthu zina. Malo apadera adziko lapansiMonga moyo wautali, kuyamwa kwanthawi yayitali, mabatani ambiri operewera, ndi njira zambiri zamagetsi, ndi mipata yayikulu ndi mipata yambiri, tachita chidwi chofananira mu chiwonetsero cha chala.
Mwa ambiridziko lapansizinthu,Europiumndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Demarcay, katulutsidwe waEuropiumMu 1900, adalongosola koyamba m'mizere yakuyamwa mu mayamwidwe a Eu3. Mu 1909, urban adalongosola Cashololiminescence waGD2O3: Eu3 +. Mu 1920, prandtl idalengeza koyamba kuyamwa kwa Eu3, kutsimikizira de devoida ya Demo. Mayamwidwe a Eu3 + akuwonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 1. Eu3 + nthawi zambiri amakhala pa C2 kapena kuwongolera ma elekitironi kuchokera pa 5d0 mpaka 7F2, potembenuka kumasula ma enterors ofiira. Eu3 + amatha kukwaniritsa malonda kuchokera ku electrons ya Star States mpaka pamlingo wocheperako wa boma mkati mwa malo owoneka bwino. Pansi pa kukolola kwa kuwala kwa ultraviolet, EU3 + kumawonetsa zofiira zofiirira. Mtundu wamtunduwu sukugwira ntchito kwa EU3 + ion ion yomwe imapangika m'malo a kristal kapena magalasi, komanso ku kovuta kuphatikizika ndiEuropiumndi ma ligands organic. Ma ligands awa amatha kukhala ngati annnas kuti atengepo nyansi ndikusamutsa kukondwerera kwamphamvu kwa Eu3 + ion. Kugwiritsa ntchito kofunikira kwambiri kwaEuropiumndi ufa wofiira wa fluorescentY2o3: Eu3 + (yox) ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri la nyali za fluorescent. Kuluma Kwambiri kwa Eu3 + sikungatheke osati ndi kuwala kwa ultraviolet, komanso ku Cathodoliminesction Chifukwa cha kukweza kwake kolemera, kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito sayansi ya biomidal kapena zachilengedwe. Zaka zaposachedwa, zakhumudwitsanso kafukufuku wa ogwira ntchito zachiwerewere ndi ukadaulo mu sayansi yam'tsogolo, kupereka chisankho chabwino chothana ndi zala zam'manja, ndipo ali ndi tanthauzo lofunikira pakuwongolera chala.
Chithunzi 1 eu3 + mayamwidwe
1, Luminess Courle yaosowa kwambiri europiummabala
Nthaka yanthaka ndi magetsi okhazikika pa electronicEuropiumMa ngulumishi onse a 4fn. Chifukwa cha zotsatira zabwino kwambiri za ss kapena d orbitals kuzunguliraEuropiumma ayoni pa 4F mabbirel, osintha ff aEuropiumIon onetsetsani zingwe zoyimira komanso nthawi yayitali kwambiri. Komabe, chifukwa cha zojambula zotsika kwambiri.Europiumma ion kuti muchepetse kuyamwa kwa madera a ultraviolet ndi madera owoneka bwino. OnjezeraniEuropiumZovuta sizingokhala ndi maubwino apadera okwera kwambiri komanso okhwima bwino kwambiri, komanso amatha kusintha mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mayamwidwe omwe amapezeka ndi madera opanga zinthu zakale komanso zowoneka bwino. Mphamvu yosangalatsa yofunikiraEuropiumIon Photoluminence ndiwokwera kuperewera kwamphamvu kwambiri. Pali mfundo ziwiri zazikulu zaosowa kwambiri europiumZovuta: Chimodzi ndi Photoliminescence, chomwe chimafuna ligand ofEuropiummaota; Gawo linanso ndiloti mawonekedwe a antenna amatha kusintha chidwi chaEuropiumion luminence.
Pambuyo osangalala ndi ultraviolet kapena kuwala kowoneka, chilombo cham'madzi chadziko lapansiKusintha kovuta kuchokera pansi ku Stand S0 mpaka pa Steitt State S1. Ma elekitoni osungidwa ndi osakhazikika ndikubwerera pansi State S0 kudzera mu radiation, kumasula ma fluoresc kuti adutse ma freescence, kapena t2 kudzera njira zopanda pake; Maboma omwe adalipira maboma atamasula mphamvu kudzera mu radiation kuti apange ligand phyphorescence, kapena kusamutsa mphamvu kuma europiumma ion kudzera mu kusintha kwa intramulecular; Pambuyo posangalala, kusintha ma europium ku Star Stat kupita ku State State, ndipoEuropiumIon mu kusintha kwa State State Kusintha kwa Mphamvu Yotsika Mphamvu, Kubwereranso ku nthaka, kumasula mphamvu ndikupanga mawu ambi. Chifukwa chake, poyambitsa nsikidzi zoyenera zokhala ndidziko lapansiIon ndi chidwi chapakatikati zitsulo kudzera mu mphamvu zosasunthika mkati mwa mamolekyulu, zomwe zimawonjezera bwino kwambiri munthawi ya ions padziko lapansi zitha kuwonjezeka kwambiri komanso kufunikira kwa mphamvu yakufuna kwamphamvu kumatha kuchepetsedwa. Izi zimadziwika kuti chimango cha ligands. Chithunzi champhamvu kwambiri cha kusintha kwa mphamvu mu EU3 + zovuta zomwe zikuwonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 2.
Pakusintha kwa mphamvu kuchokera paulendowo kwa EU3, mphamvu ya ligand ipport yomwe imafunikira kuti ikhale yokwera kuposa kapena yogwirizana ndi mphamvu ya EU3. Koma pamene mphamvu yaikazi ya ma ligand ndi wamkulu kwambiri kuposa mphamvu zochepetsetsa kwambiri za Eu3, mphamvu yosamutsira mphamvu zitha kuchepetsedwa kwambiri. Pakakhala kusiyana pakati pa malo a Ligand a Ligand ndi ocheperako a Eu3 + ndi ochepa, mphamvu yochepa kwambiri imafooketsa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa matenthedwe a Tritand. Makina a β-diketone ali ndi maubwino azovuta zoyamikiridwa, luso logwirizana, kusintha kwamphamvu, kusintha mphamvu bwino ndidziko lapansis, ndipo ikhoza kukhalamo mitundu yolimba ndi yamadzi, ndikuwapangitsa kukhala amodzi mwa ma ligand omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiridziko lapansizovuta.
Chithunzi 2 mphamvu ya mphamvu ya mphamvu ya mphamvu mu EU3 + yovuta
2.Sytynthesis njira yaOsowa kwambiri europiumMabala
2.1 Kutentha Kwambiri Kwambiri-State Synthesis Njira
Njira yotentha kwambiri yotentha kwambiri ndi njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekeradziko lapansiZipangizo za Luman, ndipo zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri popanga mafakitale. Njira yotentha-yoyera-State ya State Njira yotentha kwambiri yokhazikika-yokhazikika imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekeradziko lapansizovuta. Choyamba, olemba amasakanizidwa molingana, ndipo kuchuluka kwa flux yoyenera kumawonjezeredwa kwa matope kuti apukusire kwathunthu kusakanikirana. Pambuyo pake, operekera pansi amaikidwa mu ng'anjo yayitali kwambiri kuti aziwerengera. Pakadalidwe, oxidation, kuchepetsa, kapena mpweya wambiri ungadzazidwe molingana ndi zosowa za kuyesera. Pambuyo kuwerengetsa kutentha kwambiri, matrix okhala ndi mawonekedwe a kristalo amapangidwa, ndipo woyambitsa dziko lapansi adawonjezedwa kuti apange malo owala. Zovuta zomwe zimafunikira kuzirala, kuphimba, kuyanika, kukonza, kuwerengera, ndikuwonetsetsa kutentha kwa chipinda kuti mupeze malonda. Nthawi zambiri, kupera kwamankhwala komanso njira zowerengera kumafunikira. Kukupera zingapo kumatha kuthamangitsa liwiro lazomwe mukuchita ndikupangitsa kuti zomwe zichitike zimakwanira. Izi ndichifukwa choti kupera kumawonjezera gawo la ouzidwa, kukonzanso kumathamanga kwa ma ions ndi mamolekyulu mwa alanduwo, mwakuwonjezerapo kuteteza. Komabe, nthawi zowerengeka komanso kutentha kumabweretsa zovuta pa matristal matrix omwe amapangidwa.
Njira yokhazikika-yokhazikika-boma imakhala ndi maubwino osavuta kugwira ntchito, mtengo wotsika, komanso nthawi yochepa, ndikupanga ukadaulo wokhwima. Komabe, zovuta zazikulu za njira yokhazikika-zolimbitsa thupi ndi: Poyamba, kutentha komwe kumafunikira kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri, zomwe zimafuna zida zazikulu ndi zida zazikulu, ndipo ndizovuta kuwongolera makristalogy. Ma morphology ndi osagwirizana, ndipo ngakhale amachititsa kuti galasi liwonongedwe, likukhudza kuwunika. Kachiwiri, kupukutira kosakwanira kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa ougwiratsa kuti asakanikirane kwambiri, ndipo tinthu tazithunzi ndi chachikulu. Chifukwa cha kupera kwamanja kapena makina opanga, zodetsa nkhawa zimasokoneza kuwala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chiyero chochepa. Magazini yachitatuyi ndi njira yosagwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kachulukidwe kosauka panthawi yofunsira. Lai et al. Anasintha mndandanda wa SR5 (Po4) 3cl imodzi-gawo la polychromatic fluorescent roey + ndi tb3 + pogwiritsa ntchito njira zapamwamba kwambiri. Pansi pa chidule cha ultraviolet, ufa wa fluorescent amatha kuwulutsa mtundu wa phosphor kudera la Blue kupita kudera lobiriwira molingana ndi utoto wapamwamba wotsika. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwambiri ndi vuto lalikulu mu kapangidwe ka borophis ya borophisphate yowonjezera ma fluorotsphate ma fluortscent ufa wamphamvu kwambiri. Pakadali pano, akatswiri ochulukirapo amakhala odzipereka kukulitsa ndi kufunafuna matrics yoyenera kuthana ndi vuto lalikulu la mphamvu zotentha kwambiri. Mu 2015, Hasegawa et al. anamaliza kukonzekera kwamphamvu kwambiri kwa li2Nabp2o8 (LNBP) gawo logwiritsa ntchito gulu la P1 Space Speclinic dongosolo kwa nthawi yoyamba. Mu 2020, zhu et al. adanenanso njira yotsika-syssis yotsika ya Net-State Play Li2Nab2o8: Eu3 + (LNU3 + (LNBP: EU Njira Yotsika Kwambiri
2.2 njira yokhazikika
Njira yokhazikika ya com imagwiritsidwanso ntchito nthawi zambiri "kaphatikizidwe ka mankhwala" kokha "kokonzekera itorgeic yamphongo yoopsa padziko lapansi. Njira yotsogola yothandizira yophatikizira yowonjezerapo, yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi ma ces omwe ali mchaka chilichonse kuti apange ma oxis, mafuta a chandamale, ndikuwumitsa, ndi njira zina. Ubwino wa njira yokhazikika ya com ndi ntchito yosavuta, nthawi yanthawi yochepa, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa, komanso kuyera kwazinthu zambiri. Ubwino wake wokwezeka kwambiri ndikuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono timatha kupanga mwachindunji nanocrystals. Zovuta za njira yopendekera ndi izi: Poyamba, kuphatikizika kwa malonda zomwe zimapezeka ndizovuta kwambiri, zomwe zimakhudza ntchito yopumira ya fluoresceccent zinthu zina; Kachiwiri, mawonekedwe a malonda samveka bwino komanso ovuta kuwongolera; Chachitatu, pali zofunika zina pakusankhidwa kwa zinthu zosaphika, ndipo mikhalidwe yopumira ikhale yofanana kapena yofanana monga momwe mungathere, zomwe sizoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zigawo zingapo. K. Petcharoneen et al. Matenda am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi amagwiritsa ntchito ammonium hydroxide ngati njira yokhazikika komanso yamankhwala. Acetic acid ndi olevic acid adayambitsidwa ngati othandizira pophatikiza ma crystaltizition gawo loyambirira, ndipo kukula kwa maginito nanoparticles adayang'aniridwa m'mitundu ya 1-40nm posintha kutentha. Makina omwazika bwino a Matanetites am'madzi amapezeka kudzera mu kusintha kwapakati, kukonza chiwonetsero cha unyinji wa tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Kee et al. Poyerekeza zotsatira za njira ya hydrothermal komanso njira yokhazikika pamawonekedwe, kapangidwe, ndi kukula kwa eu-chs. Adanenanso kuti njira ya hydrothermal imapanga nanoparticles, pomwe njira yodyera imapanga tinthu tating'onoting'ono toyambitsa matenda. Poyerekeza ndi njira yopenyerera, njira ya hydrothermal imawonetsa kutalika kwakukulu komanso kowoneka bwino pokonzekera kukula kwa EU-CSH. JK Han et al. anakonza njira yokhazikika yogwiritsa ntchito solvent solvent n, n-ropthlfermormamide (DMF) kukonzekera (Ba1-xsrx) 2sio4: EU2 Phossors yogawa ndi tinthu tating'ono tosiyanasiyana. DMF imatha kuchepetsa kusintha kwa ma polymerization ndikuchepetsa kutsika kwazinthu zomwe zimachitika panthawi yothandiza, kuthandiza kuteteza tinthu tating'onoting'ono.
2.3 hydrothermal / solvent thermal synthesis njira
Njira ya hydrothermal idayamba m'ma 1900 Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, chiphunzitsocho chikukula pang'onopang'ono ndipo ndi imodzi mwa njira zomveka bwino kwambiri. Njira ya hydrothermal ndi njira yomwe mpweya wamadzi kapena madziwo umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati sing'anga (malo osungirako zinthu zotsekemera) Malingaliro ndi ma bolecular amasuntha kutentha pang'ono kuti abwezenso. Kutentha kwake, mtengo wa pH, nthawi yochita, kusanthula, komanso mtundu wa chowongolera munthawi ya hydrolysis, mawonekedwe, kapangidwe kake, ndi kukula. Kuchuluka kwa kutentha kumangothamangitsa kusuta kwa zinthu zopangira, komanso kumawonjezera kugunda koyenera kwa mamolekyulu kuti apambitse ma crarstal. Kukula kosiyanasiyana kwa ndege iliyonse ya kristalo mu P P P P P P P P P P PH Kutalika kwa nthawi nthawi yake imakhudzanso kukula kwa urryrist kumakhudzanso nthawi, kukoma kwake kukula kwa kristalo.
Ubwino wa njira ya hydrothermal umawonekera makamaka mu mmenemo: Choyamba, chopukutira chachikulu kwambiri, chosadetsa chidebe, choperewera tinthu tatigawa, zokolola zambiri, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana morphology; Chachiwiri ndikuti njirayi ndi yosavuta, mtengo wake ndi wotsika, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kumakhala kochepa. Zambiri mwazomwe zimachitika zimachitika pakatikati pamasamba ochepa, ndipo zomwe zimachitika ndizosavuta kuzilamulira. Mitundu yogwiritsa ntchito ndi yotalikirapo ndipo imatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu; Chachitatu, kukakamizidwa ndi chilengedwe kutsika ndipo kumakhala kothandiza thanzi laokha. Zovuta zake zazikulu ndikuti zomwe zimachitika zimakhudzidwa mosavuta ndi PH, kutentha, ndi nthawi, ndipo malonda ali ndi mpweya wabwino kwambiri.
Njira ya Sollvoormal imagwiritsa ntchito ma sor sol sol ngati momwe mungachitire, kuwonjezera kugwiritsira ntchito njira za hydrothermal njira. Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu muzathupi ndi mankhwala pakati pa okonda ma sol sol sol sol sol sol sol sol solmic ndi madzi, makinawo ndiovuta kwambiri, ndipo mawonekedwe ake, ndi kukula kwa malonda ndi osiyanasiyana. Nallapppen et al. Makina ophatikizika moox amalira ndi ma morfologies osiyanasiyana kuchokera ku Nanorood powongolera nthawi ya hydrothermal njira yolumikizira sodium. Dianwon Hu et al. Zojambulajambula zophatikizika zochokera pa polyoxymwelyenum cobalt (Copma) ndi Uio-67 kapena wokhala ndi magulu a Bipreyll (UIO-BPYISTIIS?
2.4 Sol gel
Njira ya Sol Gel ndi njira yachikhalidwe yokonzekeretsa zinthu zachilengedwe, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokonza zitsulo nanomatadiums. Mu 1846, Elbeli anagwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi kukonzekera Sio2, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kwake sikunakhwime. Njira yotsatsira imawonjezera nthawi yayitali ya ion ion mu njira yoyamba yothetsera kusintha kuti apange gel osakaniza, ndipo gel yosakonzedwa imapeza chinthu chandamale pambuyo pa chithandizo cha kutentha. Luso lopangidwa ndi Sol Gel Gel Gel Gel Gel ndi mawonekedwe abwino, ndipo malonda ali ndi mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono a tinthu tating'onoting'ono, koma lumo umayenera kusintha. Kukonzekera njira yopangira sol-gel ndikosavuta komanso kosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, kutentha kwamo kumakhala kotsika, ndipo magwiridwe antchito ndi okwera, koma kuchuluka kwa chithandizo chilichonse ndi chochepa. Gaponno et al. Konzani ma amorphous batio3 / Sio2 Ancilayer Porticial Porticial ndi kutentha mankhwala a Sol-gel Mu 2007, gulu la kafukufuku wa Liu L'. Zophatikiza zingapo zophatikizira zosiyanasiyana za inter (altica nanopous templates, kugwiritsa ntchito 1,10-phenoreliyatilane (TOA)
2.5 microwave synthesis njira
Njira ya Microwave Njira yatsopano yobiriwira komanso yoipitsa, yomwe imakhazikika pamtundu wapamwamba kwambiri, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakupanga mawonekedwe a nanomatate kukula, kuwonetsa bwino chitukuko. Microwave ndi ma electromaagnetic omwe ali ndi mafunde pakati pa 1nn ndi 1m. Njira yama Microwave ndiyo njira yomwe tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono toyambitsa zinthu zoyambira polandani ndi mphamvu zakumagetsi zakunja. Pamene njira ya mivi yamagetsi yamagetsi, mayendedwe ndi makonzedwe owongolera amasintha mosalekeza. Kuyankha kwa Hysteresis kwa ma dipoles, komanso kutembenuka kwa mphamvu zawo zamafuta popanda kufunikira kupha, mikangano, komanso kutaya kwanthawi pakati pa ma atomu ndi mamolekyulu, kukwaniritsa mphamvu. Chifukwa chakuti ma microuve Kutenthetsa amathanso kutentha thupi ndi mphamvu mwachangu, poyerekeza ndi njira zachikhalidwe, komanso zoyera zazing'ono komanso zoyera kwambiri. Komabe, malipoti ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ma microwave kuyamwa monga ufa wa kaboni, Feyaon, ndi Mno2 kuti apereke kutentha chifukwa cha zomwe anachita. Zinthu zomwe zimatengedwa mosavuta ndi ma microwaves ndipo imatha kuyambitsa zoatanizo zimafunikiranso kufufuza kwina. Liu et al. Kuphatikiza njira yokhazikika ya com yokhala ndi njira ya ma microwave kuti musiyidwe ma squenel Limentel Lime2o4 ndi Morphoogy Morfology ndi katundu wabwino.
Njira ya 2.6
Njira yoyaka imakhazikitsidwa pa njira zotenthetsera, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe kuti zipangire chinthu chomwe chandamale pambuyo yankho litasinthidwa kuti lithe. Mafuta omwe amapangidwa ndi kuphatikiza zinthu zofunika kwambiri kumatha kuchepa kwambiri kupezeka kwa okalamba. Poyerekeza ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito boma yolimba, imachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndipo ndi yoyenera zinthu zokhala ndi zofuna kutentha. Komabe, machitidwe omwe amachititsa kuti kuwonjezera kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, zomwe zimawonjezera mtengo. Njirayi imakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa ndipo sizoyenera kupanga mafakitale. Zogulitsa zomwe zimapangidwa ndi njira yoyaka zimakhala ndi kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono komanso yunifolomu, koma chifukwa cha nthawi yayitali, sipadzakhala makristals osakwanira, omwe amakhudza kuwala kwa makhiristo. Aning et al. Ntchito La2o3, B2O3, ndi mg ngati zoyambira ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito mchere pophatikiza ndi ufa wa mabatani nthawi yochepa.
3. Kugwiritsa ntchitoosowa kwambiri europiumma stages pakukula kwa chala
Njira yowonetsera ya ufa ndi imodzi mwazinthu zowoneka bwino kwambiri komanso zachikhalidwe. Pakadali pano, ufa womwe umawonetsa zala zala zomwe zingagawike m'magulu atatu: ufa wachikhalidwe, monga ufa wamatsenga wopangidwa ndi ufa wachitsulo ndi mpweya; Ufa wachitsulo, monga ufa wagolide,ufa wasiliva, ndi ufa wina wachitsulo wokhala ndi mawonekedwe a netiweki; Fluontscent ufa. Komabe, ufa wachikhalidwe nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi zovuta zambiri pakuwonetsa zala kapena zala zakale zomwe zimakhala zovuta, ndipo khalani ndi vuto la poizoni pa thanzi la ogwiritsa ntchito. M'zaka zaposachedwa, ogwira ntchito zaukadaulo akonda kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito zida za Nano Fluorescent pazalankhulidwe. Chifukwa cha kuwunika kwapadera kwa Eu3 + komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kofala kwadziko lapansizinthu,osowa kwambiri europiumZovuta sizinangokhala hopsot yofufuza pankhani ya sayansi ya sayansi, komanso imaperekanso malingaliro owonjezera pa chiwonetsero cha chala. Komabe, EU3 + mu zakumwa kapena zolimba zili ndi kuyamwa koyenera kumagwira ntchito ndikufunika kuphatikizidwa ndi kuvuta ndi kuwonetsa bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa EU3 kuti ziwoneke bwino komanso zopitilira muyeso. Pakadali pano, masewera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri makamaka amaphatikizapo β- ma dikeboxylic acid ndi mchere wa carboxytic, ormmucular macrocycles, ndi kafukufuku wakuyaosowa kwambiri europiummadera, zapezeka kuti madera achinyontho, kugwedezeka kwa ma on2o mamolekyulu mkatiEuropiumMa hansina amatha kuyambitsa kuwuka. Chifukwa chake, kuti mukwaniritse bwino kusankhidwa bwino ndikusiyana mwamphamvu pakuwonetsa chala, kuyesetsa kuyenera kupangidwa kuti athe kuphunzira momwe mungasinthire kutentha kwa mafuta ndi makina aEuropiumzovuta.
Mu 2007, kafukufuku wa Liu L'anali mpainiya wobweretsaEuropiumZovuta mu gawo la chiwonetsero chazithunzi kwa nthawi yoyamba kunyumba ndi kunja. The fluorescent komanso yokhazikika ya eu3 + yachitsulo ion / syditizer ogwidwa ndi njira yolumikizira zala zokhudzana ndi chala pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zojambula zagolide, galasi, pepala la pulasitiki, lazithunzi ndi masamba obiriwira. Kufufuza kafukufuku yemwe anayambitsa njira yokonzekera, UV / Vis Spectra, maluso anzeru, komanso kulemba zala za m'khuta za Eu3 + / OP / TOOCOMOSIS.
Mu 2014, Seung Jin Ryu et al. Choyamba adapanga EU3 + Haucl2 (Phen) 2 (H2O) 2] COC2O) ndi HexhhydrateEuropium chloride(Eucl33 · 4h2o) ndi 1-10 phentholine (phen). Kudzera mu Ion Kusinthana kwa IonEuropiumMaina a Ions, omwe atchecated Nano hybrid mankhwala (EU (Phen) 2) 3) 3 + - Sythesizeted Natimu Stop mwala ndi Eu (Phe; Pakapita ku Nyali ya UV ya UV. Makina awiriwo samangokhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a lithin, komanso ali ndi mphamvu yochulukirapo ya euekstional sounlone, (phe " Kukula bwino kuposa [EU (Phe "2] 3 + - Monmorillonite, ndi zala ziwonetserozi zikuwonetsa mizere yowoneka bwino ndi maziko ake. Mu 2016, v Sharma et al. Syntusi yolunjika strontium alumpind (Siltya4: Eu2 +, Dy3 +) nano fluorescent ufa wamba pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyaka. Ufa ndi woyenera kuwonetsera zalankhulidwe zatsopano komanso zowoneka bwino monga pepala wamba, pepala la mapepala, zojambulazo, ndi ma disc. Sikuti zimangowonetsera chidwi ndi kusanza kwambiri, komanso zimakhala ndi zinthu zolimba komanso zosakhalitsa. Mu 2018, wang et al. okonzekera Cas nanoparticles (esm-cas-np) atapezaEuropium, mhamarium, ndi manganese wokhala ndi mainchesi wamba a 30nm. Nanoparticles adayang'aniridwa ndi maliro amtundu wa mafikihilic, kuwalola kukhala ofanana obalalika m'madzi osataya mphamvu zawo; Kusintha kwa ESM-NP Passo ndi 1-dodecylthiol acid (arg-dt) / Mua @ sSM-Cas Escation mozama za tinthu tating'onoting'ono mu nano fluoressis ufa. Ufa wa fluorescent uyu samangowonetsa zala zomwe zingachitike pazinthu monga aluminium zojambulazo, pulasitiki, galasi lomwelo limapangitsa kuti gulu lalikulu, komanso gulu lofufuzira la WangEuropiumZovuta [EU (m-ma) 3 (O-Phen)] Kugwiritsa ntchito Ortho, Meta, ndi P-Methylbenzoric acid ngati Ligand Phenandrone ngati Ligand Shegand Njira Yachiwiri Yogwiritsa Ntchito Njira Yachiwiri. Pansi pa 245nm Ultraviolet Kuwala Kwamayeso, zala zakunja zomwe zili pazinthu monga plastics ndi chizindikiro ndi chizindikiro zimatha kuwonetsedwa. Mu 2019, ing Jun Park et al. Matenda a ybo3: ln3 + (ln = eu, tb) Phossormer Njira ya Zala Zam'mimba, Kuwongolera Kwambiri Kumanja ndi Kuchepetsa Kufalikira Kwachinthu. Mu 2020, Prabakaran et al. Anakulitsa fluorescents na [eu (5,5 dmbp) 3] · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · chcrose. Na [EU (5,5 '- DMBP) 3] 3] CL3 idasinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito PHEM (EU (5,5 "DMBTP) 3] 3 / D-dextrose zovuta. Chifukwa cha zoyeserera, gulu limatha kuwonetsera bwino zala za zala zokhala ndi zipilala za pulasitiki, magalasi, ndi ndalama yaku South Africa pansi pa chinsinsi cha 365nm, mosiyana kwambiri ndi magwiridwe okhazikika. Mu 2021, dan zhang et al. Opangidwa bwinobwino ndi kuphwanya buku Hexanuclear Eu3 + Euble Hable (PPA) 18ctp-Twar-Ty) ndipo itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito powonetsa chala. Komabe, kuyesanso kwina kumafunikira kudziwa mtundu wa alendo wabwino. Mu 2022, l brini et al. Kupanga bwino EU: Y2sn2o7 ufa wa chilengedwe ndi njira yopukutira, yomwe ingathe kuwulula zazala zam'matambo. Pansi pa 254nm ultraviolet kukolola komanso kowoneka bwino kwambiri flaorescence pansi 980nm pafupi ndi 98nm pafupi ndi chipongwe chofiyira, kukwaniritsa mawonekedwe am'wiri alankhulo pa alendo. Kuwonetsa zala ndi zinthu monga matayala a ceramic, aluminiyamu a aluminiyamu, RB, ndi pepala lachilengedwe limawonetsa chidwi chachikulu, kusankha kwa makalata owoneka bwino, komanso kukana kwamphamvu.
-Oso
M'zaka zaposachedwa, kafukufukuyu paosowa kwambiri europiumZovuta zakopa chidwi chachikulu, chifukwa cha matsenga owoneka bwino kwambiri komanso maginito apamwamba kwambiri, njira zazitali zamagetsi, kuyamwa kwamphamvu kwa mphamvu, komanso kutembenuka kwa mayamwidwe. Ndi kuyerekezera kwa kafukufukuyu chifukwa cha zinthu zoyipa zapadziko lapansi, zogwiritsira ntchito m'magawo osiyanasiyana monga kuunika ndi kuwonetsa, kufalikira kwa mafilimu, zojambula zamagetsi, etc. akukhala ponseponse. Katundu wamaso aEuropiumZilonda ndizabwino kwambiri, ndipo magawo awo ofunsira akukula pang'onopang'ono. Komabe, kusowa kwawo kukhazikika kwa marrmal, makina, komanso kusakhazikika kumachepetsa ntchito zawo zothandiza. Kuchokera pamalingaliro apano, kafukufuku wofunsidwa kwa mawonedwe aEuropiumMa hansiti oyenda pa sayansi yam'tsogolo ayenera kuyang'ana kwambiri kukonza mawonekedwe aEuropiumzovuta ndikuthetsa mavuto a ma fluorestscent tinthu tokonda kuphatikizika mu madera achinyontho, kukhalabe okhazikika komanso kuwuma kwaEuropiumma squares pamankhwala am'madzi. Masiku ano, kupita patsogolo kwa anthu ndi sayansi ndi ukadaulo wayika zofunikira kwambiri pokonza zinthu zatsopano. Pomwe zikuyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira, ziyeneranso kutsatira mapangidwe apangidwe osiyanasiyana ndi mtengo wotsika. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wowonjezerekaEuropiumHartives ndi yofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa zinthu zachilengedwe za China komanso chitukuko cha sayansi yaukadaulo ndi ukadaulo.
Post Nthawi: Nov-01-2023