Mapangidwe a papillary pa zala za munthu amakhalabe osasinthika m'mapangidwe awo a topological kuyambira pa kubadwa, okhala ndi mikhalidwe yosiyana kuchokera kwa munthu kupita kwa munthu, ndipo mapangidwe a papillary pa chala chilichonse cha munthu yemweyo alinso osiyana.Chitsanzo cha papilla pa zala chimadulidwa ndikugawidwa ndi ma pores ambiri a thukuta.Thupi la munthu limabisa mosalekeza zinthu zochokera m'madzi monga thukuta ndi mafuta monga mafuta.Zinthu izi zimasamutsa ndikuyika pa chinthucho zikakumana, ndikupanga zowoneka pa chinthucho.Ndi chifukwa cha mawonekedwe apadera a zisindikizo pamanja, monga momwe zimakhalira, kukhazikika kwa moyo wonse, komanso mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a zikhomo zomwe zala zakhala chizindikiro chodziwika cha kafukufuku waupandu komanso kuzindikira munthu kuyambira pomwe adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zidindo za zala kudzizindikiritsa. kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19.
Pamalo ophwanya malamulo, kupatula zala zala zitatu-dimensional komanso zosalala, kuchuluka kwa zala zomwe zingachitike ndizokwera kwambiri.Zolemba zala zomwe zingatheke nthawi zambiri zimafunikira kukonzedwa mwakuthupi kapena ndi mankhwala.Njira zodziwika bwino zopangira zala zala makamaka zimaphatikizapo kukula kwa kuwala, kukula kwa ufa, ndi kukula kwa mankhwala.Pakati pawo, chitukuko cha ufa chimakondedwa ndi magulu apansi chifukwa cha ntchito yake yosavuta komanso yotsika mtengo.Komabe, zoletsa za chiwonetsero cha zala zachikhalidwe zotengera ufa sizikukwaniritsanso zosowa za akatswiri odziwa zachigawenga, monga mitundu yovuta komanso yosiyana siyana ndi zida za chinthucho pamwambo, komanso kusiyana koyipa pakati pa zala ndi mtundu wakumbuyo;Kukula, mawonekedwe, mamasukidwe akayendedwe, kapangidwe kake, ndi magwiridwe antchito a tinthu tating'onoting'ono zimakhudza chidwi cha mawonekedwe a ufa;The selectivity wa ufa chikhalidwe ndi osauka, makamaka kumatheka adsorption wa chonyowa zinthu pa ufa, amene amachepetsa kwambiri kusankha kusankha miyambo ufa.M'zaka zaposachedwa, ogwira ntchito zaupandu asayansi ndiukadaulo akhala akufufuza mosalekeza zida zatsopano ndi njira zophatikizira, pakati pawodziko losowaZipangizo zounikira zakopa chidwi cha ogwira ntchito zaupandu ndi zaumisiri chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo apadera owunikira, kusiyanitsa kwakukulu, kukhudzika kwakukulu, kusankha kwakukulu, komanso kawopsedwe kakang'ono pakugwiritsa ntchito zowonetsera zala.Ma orbitals odzaza pang'onopang'ono a 4f a zinthu zapadziko lapansi osowa amawapatsa mphamvu zambiri, ndipo ma 5s ndi 5P osanjikiza ma elekitironi orbitals a zinthu zapadziko lapansi osowa amadzazidwa kwathunthu.Ma electron 4f wosanjikiza ali otetezedwa, kupatsa ma elekitironi osanjikiza 4f njira yapadera yosuntha.Chifukwa chake, zinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi zimawonetsa kukhazikika kwazithunzi komanso kukhazikika kwamankhwala popanda kujambula zithunzi, kuthana ndi malire a utoto womwe umakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito.Kuphatikiza apo,dziko losowazinthu zilinso ndi mphamvu zamagetsi ndi maginito apamwamba poyerekeza ndi zinthu zina.Wapadera kuwala katundu wadziko losowama ion, monga nthawi yayitali ya moyo wa fluorescence, mayamwidwe ocheperako komanso otulutsa mpweya, komanso mayamwidwe akulu ndi mipata yotulutsa mphamvu, akopa chidwi chochulukirapo pakufufuza kokhudzana ndikuwonetsa zala.
Mwa ambiridziko losowazinthu,europiumndi zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi luminescent.Demarcay, wotulukiraeuropiummu 1900, adalongosola mizere yakuthwa koyamba pamayamwidwe a Eu3 + mu yankho.Mu 1909, Urban anafotokoza cathodoluminescence yaGd2O3:E3+.Mu 1920, Prandtl adafalitsa koyamba mawonekedwe a mayamwidwe a Eu3+, kutsimikizira zomwe De Mare adawona.Kuchuluka kwa mayamwidwe a Eu3 + kukuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1. Eu3 + nthawi zambiri imakhala pa C2 orbital kuti athandize kusintha kwa ma electron kuchokera ku 5D0 kupita ku 7F2 milingo, potero kumasula fluorescence yofiira.Eu3 + imatha kusintha kuchokera ku ma elekitironi apansi kupita kumalo otsika kwambiri amphamvu amphamvu mkati mwa mawonekedwe a kuwala kowoneka bwino.Pansi pa chisangalalo cha kuwala kwa ultraviolet, Eu3 + ikuwonetsa photoluminescence yofiira kwambiri.Mtundu uwu wa photoluminescence sikuti umangogwiritsidwa ntchito ku Eu3 + ion woyikidwa mu magawo a kristalo kapena magalasi, komanso kuzinthu zopangidwa ndieuropiumndi organic ligands.Ma ligand awa amatha kukhala ngati tinyanga tomwe timayamwa kuwala kwachisangalalo ndikusamutsa mphamvu zokokera kumagulu amphamvu a Eu3+ion.Chofunika kwambiri ntchito yaeuropiumndi ufa wofiira wa fulorosentiY2O3: Eu3 + (YOX) ndi gawo lofunikira la nyali za fulorosenti.Kutsekemera kwa kuwala kofiira kwa Eu3 + sikungatheke kokha ndi kuwala kwa ultraviolet, komanso ndi electron beam (cathodoluminescence), X-ray γ Radiation α kapena β Particle, electroluminescence, frictional kapena mechanical luminescence, ndi njira za chemiluminescence.Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake kowala, ndi kafukufuku wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazachilengedwe kapena sayansi yazachilengedwe.M'zaka zaposachedwa, zadzutsanso chidwi chofufuza za anthu ogwira ntchito zaupandu ndiukadaulo pantchito yasayansi yazamalamulo, ndikupereka chisankho chabwino chodutsa malire a njira yachikhalidwe ya ufa yowonetsera zala, ndipo ili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pakuwongolera kusiyanitsa, sensitivity, ndi kusankha kwa mawonedwe a zala.
Chithunzi 1 Eu3 + Absorption Spectrogram
1, Luminescence mfundo yaDziko lapansi losowa europiumzovuta
The pansi boma ndi okondwa boma masanjidwe pakompyuta waeuropiumions ndi mitundu yonse ya 4fn.Chifukwa cha chitetezo chabwino kwambiri cha s ndi d orbitals kuzunguliraeuropiumions pa 4f orbitals, ff kusintha kwaeuropiumma ion amawonetsa mizere yakuthwa komanso nthawi yayitali ya moyo wa fluorescence.Komabe, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa photoluminescence kwa europium ions m'madera a ultraviolet ndi kuwala kowoneka bwino, organic ligands amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga ma complexes.europiumions kuti apititse patsogolo mayamwidwe amtundu wa ultraviolet ndi zigawo zowoneka bwino.The fluorescence opangidwa ndieuropiumMacomplexes sangokhala ndi maubwino apadera amphamvu yamphamvu ya fluorescence komanso kuyeretsa kwakukulu kwa fluorescence, komanso amatha kuwongolera pogwiritsa ntchito kuyamwa kwakukulu kwa zinthu zachilengedwe m'madera a ultraviolet ndi kuwala kowonekera.Mphamvu yosangalatsa yofunikiraeuropiumion photoluminescence ndiyokwera Kuperewera kwa mphamvu ya fluorescence yochepa.Pali mfundo ziwiri zazikulu za luminescence zaDziko lapansi losowa europiumzovuta: imodzi ndi photoluminescence, yomwe imafuna ligand yaeuropiumzovuta;Mbali ina ndikuti mphamvu ya mlongoti imatha kusintha kukhudzika kwaeuropiumion luminescence.
Pambuyo kusangalala ndi kunja ultraviolet kapena kuwala looneka, ndi organic ligand mudziko losowazosinthika zovuta kuchokera pansi S0 kupita ku dziko losangalatsa la singlet S1.Ma elekitironi a dziko losangalala ndi osakhazikika ndipo amabwerera ku nthaka S0 kupyolera mu kuwala kwa dzuwa, kutulutsa mphamvu kuti ligand itulutse fluorescence, kapena kudumpha pang'onopang'ono kupita ku chikhalidwe chake chosangalatsa cha T1 kapena T2 kupyolera mu njira zopanda kuwala;Maiko atatu okondwa amatulutsa mphamvu kudzera mu radiation kuti apange ligand phosphorescence, kapena kusamutsa mphamvu kuchuma europiumma ion kudzera mu kusamutsa kwamphamvu kwa intramolecular;Atatha kukondwa, europium ions imasintha kuchokera ku nthaka kupita ku dziko losangalala, ndieuropiumma ions mukusintha kwachisangalalo kupita ku mphamvu yochepa, potsirizira pake kubwerera ku nthaka, kutulutsa mphamvu ndi kupanga fluorescence.Chifukwa chake, poyambitsa ma organic ligand omwe amalumikizana nawodziko losowama ion ndi kulimbikitsa ma ion achitsulo chapakati kudzera mukusamutsa mphamvu zopanda kuwala mkati mwa mamolekyu, mphamvu ya fluorescence ya ayoni osowa padziko lapansi imatha kuchulukitsidwa kwambiri ndipo kufunikira kwa mphamvu yotulutsa kunja kumatha kuchepetsedwa.Chodabwitsa ichi chimadziwika kuti antenna zotsatira za ligands.Chithunzi cha mulingo wa mphamvu zosinthira mphamvu mu Eu3+complexes chikuwonetsedwa Chithunzi 2.
Posamutsa mphamvu kuchokera ku gawo losangalatsa la katatu kupita ku Eu3+, mphamvu ya ligand triplet triplet ikufunika kuti ikhale yokwera kuposa kapena yogwirizana ndi mphamvu ya Eu3 +.Koma mphamvu ya katatu ya ligand ikachuluka kwambiri kuposa mphamvu yotsika kwambiri ya Eu3+, mphamvu yotumizira mphamvu idzachepetsedwanso kwambiri.Kusiyana pakati pa gawo la katatu la ligand ndi malo otsika kwambiri a Eu3 + ndi ochepa, mphamvu ya fluorescence idzafooka chifukwa cha mphamvu ya kutsekedwa kwa kutentha kwa gawo la katatu la ligand.β- Diketone complexes ali ndi ubwino wokhala ndi mphamvu yoyamwitsa ya UV, kugwirizanitsa mwamphamvu, kutumiza mphamvu moyenera ndidziko losowas, ndipo ikhoza kukhalapo mumitundu yonse yolimba komanso yamadzimadzi, kuwapanga kukhala amodzi mwama ligand omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiridziko losowazovuta.
Chithunzi 2 Chithunzi cha mulingo wa mphamvu zosinthira mphamvu mu Eu3+complex
2.Kaphatikizidwe Njira yaRare Earth EuropiumZovuta
2.1 Njira yophatikizira kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri
Njira yotentha yolimba kwambiri ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekeradziko losowazida zopangira luminescent, ndipo zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri popanga mafakitale.Njira yophatikizira yotentha kwambiri ndi momwe zinthu zolimba zimayendera pansi pa kutentha kwambiri (800-1500 ℃) kuti apange zinthu zatsopano pofalitsa kapena kunyamula maatomu olimba kapena ayoni.Njira yotentha kwambiri yolimba-gawo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekeradziko losowazovuta.Choyamba, ma reactants amasakanizidwa mu gawo linalake, ndipo kuchuluka kwake koyenera kumawonjezeredwa kumatope kuti akupera bwino kuti atsimikizire kusakanikirana kofanana.Pambuyo pake, zowonongeka zapansi zimayikidwa mu ng'anjo yotentha kwambiri kuti calcination.Panthawi ya calcination, makutidwe ndi okosijeni, kuchepetsa, kapena mpweya wa inert ukhoza kudzazidwa malinga ndi zosowa za ndondomeko yoyesera.Pambuyo powerengera kutentha kwambiri, matrix okhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera a kristalo amapangidwa, ndipo ma ion osowa padziko lapansi amawonjezedwa kuti apange likulu la luminescent.Malo opangira calcined amayenera kuziziritsa, kutsuka, kuyanika, kugayanso, kuwerengetsa, ndikuwunika kutentha kwapakati kuti mupeze chinthucho.Nthawi zambiri, njira zingapo zogaya ndi calcination zimafunikira.Kugaya kangapo kumatha kufulumizitsa liwiro la zomwe zimachitika ndikupangitsa kuti zisachitike.Ichi ndi chifukwa akupera ndondomeko kumawonjezera kukhudzana m`dera la reactants, kwambiri kuwongolera mayamwidwe ndi kayendedwe liwiro la ayoni ndi mamolekyu mu reactants, potero kuwongolera anachita dzuwa.Komabe, nthawi zosiyanasiyana zowerengera komanso kutentha zidzakhudza kapangidwe ka matrix a crystal opangidwa.
Njira yotentha yotentha kwambiri imakhala ndi ubwino wa ntchito yosavuta, yotsika mtengo, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yochepa, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale luso lokonzekera lokhwima.Komabe, zovuta zazikulu za njira yotenthetsera yolimba-boma ndi izi: choyamba, kutentha komwe kumafunikira kumakhala kokwera kwambiri, komwe kumafunikira zida zapamwamba ndi zida, kumawononga mphamvu zambiri, ndipo kumakhala kovuta kuwongolera mawonekedwe a kristalo.Mapangidwe a mankhwalawo ndi osagwirizana, ndipo ngakhale amachititsa kuti kristalo iwonongeke, zomwe zimakhudza ntchito ya luminescence.Kachiwiri, kugaya kosakwanira kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti ma reactants asakanike mofanana, ndipo crystal particles ndi zazikulu.Chifukwa cha kugaya pamanja kapena makina, zonyansa zimasakanizidwa kuti zikhudze luminescence, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chiyero chochepa cha mankhwala.Vuto lachitatu ndikugwiritsa ntchito zokutira kosagwirizana komanso kusachulukirachulukira panthawi yofunsira.Lai et al.adapanga mitundu ingapo ya ufa wa Sr5 (PO4) 3Cl wa gawo limodzi la polychromatic fulorescent wopangidwa ndi Eu3+ ndi Tb3+ pogwiritsa ntchito njira yachikhalidwe yotentha kwambiri.Pansi pa chisangalalo chapafupi ndi ultraviolet, ufa wa fulorosenti umatha kusintha mtundu wa kuwala kwa phosphor kuchokera kudera la buluu kupita kudera lobiriwira molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa doping, kuwongolera zolakwika zamtundu wocheperako komanso kutentha kwamitundu yofananira m'ma diode oyera otulutsa kuwala. .Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwambiri ndiye vuto lalikulu pakuphatikizika kwa ufa wa fluorescent wa borophosphate pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotentha kwambiri.Pakadali pano, akatswiri ochulukirachulukira akudzipereka kupanga ndikusaka masamu oyenera kuti athetse vuto lakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwambiri panjira yotentha kwambiri.Mu 2015, Hasegawa et al.adamaliza kukonzekera kwanthawi yayitali kwa Li2NaBP2O8 (LNBP) pogwiritsa ntchito gulu la P1 la triclinic system kwa nthawi yoyamba.Mu 2020, Zhu et al.Adanenanso za njira yotsika yotsika yolimba yamtundu wa Li2NaBP2O8: Eu3 + (LNBP: Eu) phosphor, kuyang'ana njira yotsika mtengo yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu komanso njira yotsika mtengo yopangira ma phosphor achilengedwe.
2.2 Njira yamvula ya Co
Njira yopangira mpweya ndiyonso njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi "soft chemical" pokonzekera zida zowunikira zapadziko lapansi.The Co mpweya njira kumaphatikizapo kuwonjezera mpweya kwa reactant, amene amachitira ndi cations aliyense reactant kupanga mpweya kapena hydrolyzes reactant pansi zinthu zina kupanga oxides, hydroxides, insoluble mchere, etc. chandamale mankhwala analandira kudzera kusefera, kuchapa, kuyanika, ndi njira zina.Ubwino wa njira yothira mpweya ndi ntchito yosavuta, kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yochepa, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa, komanso kuyeretsa kwazinthu zambiri.Ubwino wake waukulu ndikuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono titha kupanga mwachindunji ma nanocrystals.Zoyipa za njira ya co precipitation ndi: choyamba, chinthu chophatikizana cha mankhwala chomwe chimapezeka ndi chovuta, chomwe chimakhudza kuwala kwa zinthu za fulorosenti;Kachiwiri, mawonekedwe a mankhwalawa samveka bwino komanso ovuta kuwongolera;Chachitatu, pali zofunikira zina pakusankha zida zopangira, ndipo mikhalidwe yamvula pakati pa reactant iliyonse iyenera kukhala yofanana kapena yofanana momwe ingathere, zomwe sizoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zigawo zingapo zamakina.K. Petcharoen et al.apanga ozungulira magnetite nanoparticles ntchito ammonium hydroxide monga precipitant ndi mankhwala co mpweya njira.Acetic acid ndi oleic acid adayambitsidwa ngati ❖ kuyanika panthawi yoyamba ya crystallization, ndipo kukula kwa magnetite nanoparticles kunayendetsedwa mkati mwa 1-40nm mwa kusintha kutentha.The bwino omwazika magnetite nanoparticles mu amadzimadzi njira analandira kudzera padziko kusinthidwa, kuwongolera agglomeration chodabwitsa cha particles mu co mpweya njira.Kee et al.poyerekeza zotsatira za hydrothermal njira ndi co mpweya njira pa mawonekedwe, kapangidwe, ndi tinthu kukula Eu-CSH.Iwo ananena kuti njira hydrothermal amapanga nanoparticles, pamene co mpweya njira amapanga submicron prismatic particles.Poyerekeza ndi njira ya co precipitation, njira ya hydrothermal imasonyeza kuwala kwapamwamba komanso mphamvu ya photoluminescence pokonzekera ufa wa Eu-CSH.JK Han et al.adapanga njira yatsopano yopangira mpweya pogwiritsa ntchito chosungunulira chosakhala cha amadzimadzi N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) pokonzekera (Ba1-xSrx) 2SiO4: Eu2 phosphors yokhala ndi kakulidwe kakang'ono kagawidwe kake komanso kuchuluka kwachulukidwe bwino pafupi ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta nano kapena submicron.DMF ikhoza kuchepetsa zochita za polymerization ndi kuchepetsa zomwe zimachitika panthawi yamvula, zomwe zimathandiza kupewa kuphatikizika kwa tinthu.
2.3 Hydrothermal / zosungunulira matenthedwe kaphatikizidwe njira
Njira ya hydrothermal inayamba chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1800 pamene akatswiri a sayansi ya nthaka ankayerekezera mchere wachilengedwe.Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, chiphunzitsocho chinakula pang'onopang'ono ndipo pakali pano ndi imodzi mwa njira zodalirika zothetsera chemistry.Njira ya Hydrothermal ndi njira yomwe nthunzi yamadzi kapena njira yamadzimadzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati sing'anga (kunyamula ma ion ndi magulu a maselo ndikusamutsa kukakamiza) kuti ifike kumalo ocheperako kapena opitilira muyeso m'malo otentha kwambiri komanso otsekeka kwambiri (omwe kale anali ndi kutentha kwa 100-240 ℃, pamene yotsirizirayo imakhala ndi kutentha kwa 1000 ℃), imathandizira hydrolysis reaction rate ya zopangira, ndi pansi pa convection amphamvu, ma ion ndi magulu a maselo amafalikira kutentha kochepa kwa recrystallization.Kutentha, mtengo wa pH, nthawi yochitira, kuyang'ana, ndi mtundu wa kalambulabwalo pa nthawi ya hydrolysis zimakhudza momwe zimachitikira, maonekedwe a kristalo, mawonekedwe, mapangidwe, ndi kukula kwake kumadera osiyanasiyana.Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha sikungowonjezera kusungunuka kwa zipangizo, komanso kumawonjezera kugunda kwa mamolekyu kuti apititse patsogolo mapangidwe a kristalo.Kukula kosiyanasiyana kwa ndege iliyonse ya kristalo mu makhiristo a pH ndiye zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza gawo la kristalo, kukula kwake, ndi morphology.Kutalika kwa nthawi yochitapo kanthu kumakhudzanso kukula kwa kristalo, ndipo nthawi yayitali, ndi yabwino kwambiri kukula kwa kristalo.
Ubwino wa hydrothermal njira makamaka akuwonetseredwa: choyamba, mkulu kristalo chiyero, palibe kuipitsidwa zonyansa, yopapatiza tinthu kukula kugawa, zokolola zambiri, ndi morphology mankhwala osiyanasiyana;Chachiwiri ndi chakuti ntchitoyo ndi yosavuta, mtengo wake ndi wotsika, ndipo mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ndi yochepa.Ambiri amachitikira ikuchitika sing'anga ndi otsika kutentha mapangidwe, ndi mmene zinthu n'zosavuta kulamulira.Mitundu yogwiritsira ntchito ndi yotakata ndipo imatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira zokonzekera zamitundu yosiyanasiyana;Chachitatu, kupanikizika kwa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi kochepa ndipo ndikochezeka kwambiri ndi thanzi la ogwira ntchito.Zopinga zake zazikulu ndikuti zomwe zimayambira zimakhudzidwa mosavuta ndi pH ya chilengedwe, kutentha, ndi nthawi, ndipo mankhwalawa ali ndi mpweya wochepa.
The solvothermal njira amagwiritsa organic zosungunulira monga anachita sing'anga, kukulitsa applicability wa njira hydrothermal.Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu kwa thupi ndi mankhwala pakati pa zosungunulira zamadzi ndi madzi, momwe zimagwirira ntchito zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, ndipo maonekedwe, mapangidwe, ndi kukula kwa mankhwala ndizosiyana kwambiri.Nallappan et al.apanga makhiristo a MoOx okhala ndi ma morphologies osiyanasiyana kuchokera papepala kupita ku nanorod powongolera nthawi yochitira njira ya hydrothermal pogwiritsa ntchito sodium dialkyl sulphate ngati kristalo wowongolera.Dianwen Hu et al.zida zophatikizika zochokera ku polyoxymolybdenum cobalt (CoPMA) ndi UiO-67 kapena okhala ndi magulu a bipyridyl (UiO-bpy) pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya solvothermal mwa kukhathamiritsa momwe kaphatikizidwe.
2.4 Njira ya Sol gel
Njira ya Sol gel ndi njira yachikhalidwe yopangira zida zogwirira ntchito, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zitsulo za nanomaterials.Mu 1846, Elbelmen anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi pokonzekera SiO2, koma kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kunalibe kukhwima.Njira yokonzekera ndikuwonjezera osowa ion activator yapadziko lapansi poyambira njira yothetsera kuti zosungunulira zisungunuke kuti zipangitse gel osakaniza, ndipo gel okonzeka amapeza chandamale pambuyo pa chithandizo cha kutentha.Phosphor yopangidwa ndi njira ya sol gel imakhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino komanso mawonekedwe ake, ndipo mankhwalawa ali ndi kukula kwa tinthu tating'ono, koma kuwala kwake kuyenera kuwongolera.Njira yokonzekera njira ya sol-gel ndi yosavuta komanso yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, momwe kutentha kumakhalira kumakhala kochepa, ndipo chitetezo chimakhala chokwera, koma nthawi yayitali, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mankhwala aliwonse kumakhala kochepa.Gaponenko et al.anakonza amorphous BaTiO3/SiO2 multilayer dongosolo ndi centrifugation ndi kutentha mankhwala Sol-gel osakaniza njira ndi transmissivity wabwino ndi refractive index, ndipo ananena kuti refractive index wa BaTiO3 filimu adzawonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka sol ndende.Mu 2007, gulu lofufuza la Liu L lidagwira bwino mawonekedwe a fulorosenti komanso opepuka a Eu3+metal ion/sensitizer complex mu silica based nanocomposites ndi doped youma gel pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya sol gel.M'mitundu ingapo yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zodziwikiratu zapadziko lapansi ndi ma templates a silica nanoporous, kugwiritsa ntchito 1,10-phenanthroline (OP) sensitizer mu tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) template kumapereka mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri a fluorescence doped youma gel kuti ayese mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a Eu3+.
2.5 Microwave synthesis njira
Njira ya Microwave synthesis ndi njira yatsopano yobiriwira komanso yopanda kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala poyerekeza ndi njira yotentha kwambiri, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zinthu, makamaka pankhani ya kaphatikizidwe ka nanomaterial, yomwe ikuwonetsa kukula bwino.Microwave ndi mafunde a electromagnetic okhala ndi kutalika kwapakati pa 1nn ndi 1m.Njira ya Microwave ndi njira yomwe tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono timakhala ndi polarization mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yakunja yamagetsi.Pamene mayendedwe a magetsi a microwave akusintha, kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka dipoles kumasintha mosalekeza.Mayankho a hysteresis a dipoles, komanso kutembenuka kwa mphamvu zawo zotentha popanda kufunikira kwa kugunda, kukangana, ndi kutaya kwa dielectric pakati pa maatomu ndi mamolekyu, kumakwaniritsa kutentha.Chifukwa chakuti microwave Kutentha akhoza uniformly kutentha lonse anachita dongosolo ndi kuchita mphamvu mofulumira, potero kulimbikitsa kupita patsogolo zimachitikira organic, poyerekeza ndi miyambo kukonzekera njira, mayikirowevu kaphatikizidwe njira ali ndi ubwino wa kusala anachita liwiro, chitetezo wobiriwira, yaing'ono ndi yunifolomu. zakuthupi tinthu kukula, ndi mkulu gawo chiyero.Komabe, malipoti ambiri pakali pano amagwiritsa ntchito ma microwave absorbers monga carbon powder, Fe3O4, ndi MnO2 kuti apereke kutentha kwachindunji.Zinthu zomwe zimatengedwa mosavuta ndi ma microwave ndipo zimatha kuyambitsa zotulutsa zomwe zimafunika kuzifufuzanso.Liu et al.kuphatikizira njira ya mpweya ndi njira ya microwave kuti apange spinel yoyera LiMn2O4 yokhala ndi porous morphology ndi katundu wabwino.
2.6 Njira yoyaka moto
Njira yoyatsira imachokera ku njira zachikhalidwe zotenthetsera, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito kuyaka kwa organic kuti zipangitse chinthu chomwe mukufuna yankho litatha kuuma.Mpweya wopangidwa ndi kuyaka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ukhoza kuchepetsa kuphatikizika kwa zinthu.Poyerekeza ndi njira yotenthetsera yolimba-boma, imachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndipo ndiyoyenera kuzinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono.Komabe, zomwe zimachitika zimafunikira kuwonjezeredwa kwazinthu zachilengedwe, zomwe zimawonjezera mtengo.Njirayi ili ndi mphamvu zochepa zogwirira ntchito ndipo sizoyenera kupanga mafakitale.Chopangidwa ndi njira yoyaka moto chimakhala ndi tinthu tating'ono komanso yunifolomu, koma chifukwa cha njira yayifupi, pangakhale makhiristo osakwanira, omwe amakhudza ntchito ya luminescence ya makristasi.Anning ndi al.anagwiritsa ntchito La2O3, B2O3, ndi Mg monga zipangizo zoyambira ndikugwiritsa ntchito mchere wothandizira kuyaka kaphatikizidwe kuti apange ufa wa LaB6 mumagulu mu nthawi yochepa.
3. Kugwiritsa ntchitoDziko lapansi losowa europiumzovuta mu kukula kwa zala
Njira yowonetsera ufa ndi imodzi mwa njira zapamwamba kwambiri komanso zachikhalidwe zowonetsera zala.Pakalipano, ufa womwe umawonetsa zala ukhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: ufa wachikhalidwe, monga maginito ufa wopangidwa ndi ufa wabwino wachitsulo ndi ufa wa carbon;Metal ufa, monga golide ufa,siliva ufa, ndi zitsulo zina ufa ndi dongosolo maukonde;Fluorescent ufa.Komabe, ufa wachikhalidwe nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi zovuta zowonetsa zala kapena zala zakale pazinthu zovuta zakumbuyo, ndipo zimakhala ndi vuto linalake pa thanzi la ogwiritsa ntchito.M'zaka zaposachedwa, ogwira ntchito zaupandu ndiukadaulo akonda kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nano fulorosenti powonetsa zala.Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe apadera owunikira a Eu3 + komanso kufalikira kwadziko losowazinthu,Dziko lapansi losowa europiummaofesi sanangokhala malo opangira kafukufuku pazasayansi yazamalamulo, komanso amapereka malingaliro ochulukirapo owonetsera zala.Komabe, Eu3+ muzamadzimadzi kapena zolimba sizimayamwa bwino ndipo zimafunika kuphatikizidwa ndi ma ligand kuti zidziwitse ndikutulutsa kuwala, zomwe zimathandiza Eu3+ kuwonetsa mphamvu zamphamvu komanso zolimbikira za fulorosenti.Pakali pano, ma ligand omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri makamaka amaphatikizapo β- Diketones, carboxylic acid ndi mchere wa carboxylate, ma polima a organic, macrocycles a supramolecular, ndi zina zotero.Dziko lapansi losowa europiumzovuta, zapezeka kuti m'malo achinyezi, kugwedezeka kwa mamolekyu a H2O mueuropiumMa complexes angayambitse luminescence kuzimitsa.Chifukwa chake, kuti mukwaniritse kusankhidwa bwino komanso kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pazowonetsa zala, kuyesetsa kuyenera kuchitidwa kuti muphunzire momwe mungasinthire kukhazikika kwamafuta ndi makina.europiumzovuta.
Mu 2007, gulu lofufuza la Liu L linali mpainiya woyambitsaeuropiumzovuta m'munda wowonetsa zala zala kwa nthawi yoyamba kunyumba ndi kunja.Mafakitale a fulorosenti komanso opepuka a Eu3 + zitsulo ion/sensitizer omwe adagwidwa ndi njira ya sol gel atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira zala zala pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndiukadaulo, kuphatikiza zojambula zagolide, galasi, pulasitiki, mapepala achikuda ndi masamba obiriwira.Kafukufuku wofufuza adayambitsa njira yokonzekera, mawonekedwe a UV/Vis, mawonekedwe a fluorescence, ndi zotsatira zala zala za Eu3+/OP/TEOS nanocomposites zatsopanozi.
Mu 2014, Seung Jin Ryu et al.koyamba adapanga Eu3+complex ([EuCl2 (Phen) 2 (H2O) 2] Cl · H2O) ndi hexahydrateeuropium chloride(EuCl3 · 6H2O) ndi 1-10 phenanthroline (Phen).Kupyolera mu kusinthana kwa ion pakati pa interlayer sodium ions ndieuropiumions zovuta, intercalated nano hybrid mankhwala (Eu (Phen) 2) 3 + - synthesized lithiamu sopo mwala ndi Eu (Phen) 2) 3+ - zachilengedwe montmorillonite) anapezedwa.Pansi pa chisangalalo cha nyali ya UV pamtunda wa 312nm, maofesi awiriwa samangosunga zochitika za photoluminescence, komanso amakhala ndi kutentha kwapamwamba, mankhwala, ndi makina okhazikika poyerekeza ndi Eu3 + complexes yoyera. monga chitsulo m'thupi lalikulu la lithiamu soapstone, [Eu (Phen) 2] 3+- lithiamu soapstone ili ndi luminescence intensity kuposa [Eu (Phen) 2] 3+- montmorillonite, ndipo chala chimawonetsa mizere yomveka bwino komanso yosiyana kwambiri ndi maziko.Mu 2016, V Sharma et al.synthesized strontium aluminate (SrAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+) nano fulorosenti ufa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyaka.Ufawu ndi woyenera kuwonetsera zala zatsopano ndi zakale pa zinthu zomwe zimatha kulowa mkati komanso zomwe sizingapitikike monga mapepala achikuda wamba, mapepala oyikapo, zojambulazo za aluminiyamu, ndi ma disc owoneka.Sizimangowonetsa chidwi chachikulu komanso kusankha, komanso imakhala ndi mawonekedwe amphamvu komanso okhalitsa.Mu 2018, Wang et al.okonzeka CaS nanoparticles (ESM-CaS-NP) doped ndieuropium, samarium, ndi manganese okhala ndi mainchesi pafupifupi 30nm.The nanoparticles anali ecapsulated ndi amphiphilic ligands, kuwalola uniformly omwazika m'madzi popanda kutaya fluorescence dzuwa;Co kusinthidwa kwa ESM-CaS-NP pamwamba ndi 1-dodecylthiol ndi 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (Arg-DT)/ MUA@ESM-CaS NPs anathetsa bwinobwino vuto la fluorescence kuzimitsidwa m'madzi ndi tinthu aggregation chifukwa tinthu hydrolysis mu fulorosenti nano ufa.Ufa wa fulorosenti uwu sikuti umangowonetsa zala zomwe zingatheke pa zinthu monga zojambulazo za aluminiyamu, pulasitiki, galasi, ndi matailosi a ceramic okhala ndi chidwi chachikulu, komanso ali ndi magwero osiyanasiyana owunikira komanso safuna zipangizo zodula zithunzi kuti ziwonetse zala. Chaka chomwecho, gulu lofufuza la Wang linapanga mndandanda wa ternaryeuropiumcomplexes [Eu (m-MA) 3 (o-Phen)] pogwiritsa ntchito ortho, meta, ndi p-methylbenzoic acid monga ligand yoyamba ndi ortho phenanthroline ngati ligand yachiwiri pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya mpweya.Pansi pa kuwala kwa 245nm ultraviolet, zisindikizo za zala zomwe zingatheke pa zinthu monga mapulasitiki ndi zizindikiro zikhoza kuwonetsedwa bwino.Mu 2019, Sung Jun Park et al.YBO3 yopangidwa: Ln3+(Ln=Eu, Tb) phosphors kudzera mu njira ya solvothermal, kupititsa patsogolo kuzindikira kwa zala zomwe zingatheke komanso kuchepetsa kusokonezeka kwapambuyo.Mu 2020, Prabakaran et al.anapanga fulorosenti Na [Eu (5,50 DMBP) (phen) 3] · Cl3 / D-Dextrose composite, pogwiritsa ntchito EuCl3 · 6H20 monga kalambulabwalo.Na [Eu (5,5 '- DMBP) (phen) 3] Cl3 inapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Phen ndi 5,5′ – DMBP kudzera mu njira yosungunulira yotentha, kenako Na [Eu (5,5 '- DMBP) (phen) 3] Cl3 ndi D-Dextrose anagwiritsidwa ntchito monga chotsogolera kupanga Na [Eu (5,50 DMBP) (phen) 3] · Cl3 kupyolera mu njira ya adsorption.3/D-Dextrose zovuta.Kupyolera mu kuyesa, gululi limatha kuwonetsa bwino zala zala pazinthu monga zisoti zamabotolo apulasitiki, magalasi, ndi ndalama za ku South Africa motenthedwa ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa kwa 365nm kapena kuwala kwa ultraviolet, kusiyanitsa kwakukulu komanso kukhazikika kwa fluorescence.Mu 2021, Dan Zhang et al.adapanga bwino ndikupangira buku la hexanuclear Eu3 + complex Eu6 (PPA) 18CTP-TPY yokhala ndi masamba asanu ndi limodzi omangira, omwe ali ndi kukhazikika kwamafuta a fluorescence (<50 ℃) ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito powonetsa zala.Komabe, kuyesa kwina kumafunikanso kuti mudziwe mtundu wake woyenera wa alendo.Mu 2022, L Brini et al.adapanga bwino Eu: Y2Sn2O7 ufa wa fulorosenti kudzera munjira yothira mpweya ndi chithandizo chowonjezera, chomwe chimatha kuwulula zala zomwe zingatheke pamitengo ndi zinthu zosatha. -chipolopolo chamtundu wa nanofluorescence, chomwe chimatha kupanga fluorescence yofiira pansi pa 254nm ultraviolet excitation ndi kuwala kobiriwira fluorescence pansi pa 980nm pafupi-chisangalalo cha infrared, kukwaniritsa mawonekedwe apawiri akuwonetsa zala za mlendo.Kuwonetsa zala zala pazinthu monga matailosi a ceramic, mapepala apulasitiki, ma aluminiyamu aloyi, RMB, ndi mapepala achikuda amawonetsa chidwi, kusankha, kusiyanitsa, komanso kukana mwamphamvu kusokonezedwa kumbuyo.
4 Mawonekedwe
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kafukufuku paDziko lapansi losowa europiumma complexes akopa chidwi kwambiri, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo abwino kwambiri a kuwala ndi maginito monga kulimba kwa luminescence, kuyera kwamitundu yayitali, moyo wautali wa fluorescence, kuyamwa kwakukulu kwa mphamvu ndi mipata yotulutsa, komanso nsonga zocheperako.Ndi kuzama kwa kafukufuku pa zinthu zachilendo zapadziko lapansi, ntchito zawo m'madera osiyanasiyana monga kuunikira ndi kuwonetsera, sayansi ya zachilengedwe, ulimi, asilikali, makampani odziwa mauthenga a zamagetsi, kutumiza mauthenga opangidwa ndi kuwala, fluorescence anti-feiting, fluorescence kuzindikira, etc.The kuwala katundu waeuropiumma complex ndi abwino kwambiri, ndipo magawo awo ogwiritsira ntchito akukulirakulira pang'onopang'ono.Komabe, kusowa kwawo kwa kutentha kwa kutentha, mphamvu zamakina, ndi kusinthika kumalepheretsa ntchito zawo zothandiza.Kuchokera ku kafukufuku wamakono, kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a kuwala kwaeuropiumzovuta m'munda wa sayansi azamalamulo ayenera makamaka kuyang'ana pa kukonza mawonekedwe kuwalaeuropiumzovuta ndi kuthetsa mavuto a fulorosenti particles kukhala tcheru kuti aggregation m'madera chinyezi, kusunga bata ndi luminescence mphamvu yaeuropiumzovuta mu njira zamadzimadzi.Masiku ano, kupita patsogolo kwa anthu ndi sayansi ndi luso lazopangapanga zapereka zofunika kwambiri pokonzekera zida zatsopano.Pomwe ikukwaniritsa zosowa zamagwiritsidwe ntchito, iyeneranso kutsata mawonekedwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso mtengo wotsika.Choncho, kufufuza kwina paeuropiumma complexes ndi ofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha chuma cha China chosowa padziko lapansi komanso chitukuko cha sayansi ndi zamakono zamakono.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-01-2023