Chiyambi cha Rare Earth Industry Technology
·Dziko losowa isi chinthu chachitsulo, koma mawu ophatikiza 15 osowa padziko lapansi ndiyttriumndiscandium.Chifukwa chake, zinthu 17 zosowa zapadziko lapansi ndi zinthu zake zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira ma chloride okhala ndi chiyero cha 46% mpaka ma oxides osowa padziko lapansi ndizitsulo zapadziko lapansi zosawerengekandi chiyero cha 99.9999%.Ndi kuwonjezera kwa mankhwala okhudzana ndi zosakaniza, pali zinthu zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi.Choncho,dziko losowaUkadaulo umakhalanso wosiyanasiyana kutengera kusiyana kwa zinthu 17 izi.Komabe, chifukwa chakuti osowa dziko zinthu akhoza kugawidwa mu cerium ndiyttriummagulu otengera mikhalidwe ya mchere, migodi, kusungunula, ndi kulekanitsa ma minerals osowa padziko lapansi alinso ogwirizana.Kuyambira poyambira migodi ya ore, njira zolekanitsa, njira zosungunulira, njira zochotsera, ndi njira zoyeretsera nthaka yosowa zidzayambitsidwa chimodzi ndi chimodzi.
Mchere processing wa osowa nthaka
·Mineral processing ndi njira yopangira mawotchi yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kwa thupi ndi mankhwala pakati pa mchere wosiyanasiyana womwe umapanga miyalayo, imagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana, njira, ndi zida zolemeretsa mchere wofunikira muzitsulo, kuchotsa zonyansa, ndikuzilekanitsa. kuchokera ku mchere wa gangue.
· Mudziko losowaores migodi padziko lonse, ziliosowa nthaka oxidesndi ochepa chabe peresenti, ndipo ena ocheperapo.Pofuna kukwaniritsa zofunikira pakupanga smelting,dziko losowamchere amasiyanitsidwa ndi mchere gangue ndi mchere zina zothandiza kudzera beneficiation pamaso smelting, pofuna kuonjezera zili osowa nthaka oxides ndi kupeza osowa dziko likunena kuti akhoza kukwaniritsa zofunika osowa lapansi zitsulo.Kupindula kwa ores osowa padziko lapansi nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyandama, yomwe nthawi zambiri imaphatikizidwa ndi kuphatikiza kangapo kwa mphamvu yokoka ndi kupatukana kwa maginito kuti apange njira yopezera phindu.
Thedziko losowaKusungitsa mu Mgodi wa Baiyunebo ku Inner Mongolia ndi gawo la carbonate thanthwe la iron dolomite, lomwe limapangidwa makamaka ndi mchere wosowa padziko lapansi muzitsulo zachitsulo (kuphatikiza ndi fluorocarbon cerium ore ndi monazite, palinso angapo.niobiumndidziko losowamchere).
Ore ochotsedwawo ali ndi pafupifupi 30% yachitsulo komanso pafupifupi 5% ya rare earth oxides. Pambuyo pophwanya miyala yayikulu mumgodi, imatengedwa ndi sitima kupita kumalo opindulitsa a Baotou Iron and Steel Group Company.Ntchito ya chomera chothandizira ndikuwonjezekaFe2O3kuchokera 33% mpaka 55%, choyamba akupera ndi grading pa conical mpira mphero, ndiyeno kusankha pulayimale chitsulo kuganizira 62-65% Fe2O3 (iron oxide) pogwiritsa ntchito cylindrical magnetic separator.Ma tailings akupitilizabe kuyandama komanso kupatukana kwa maginito kuti apeze chitsulo chachiwiri chokhala ndi 45%Fe2O3(iron oxide).Dziko lapansi losowa limapangidwa ndi thovu loyandama, lokhala ndi kalasi ya 10-15%.Kuyikirako kumatha kusankhidwa pogwiritsa ntchito tebulo logwedezeka kuti lipangitse chidwi chokhala ndi REO yokwanira 30%.Pambuyo pokonzedwanso ndi zida zopezera phindu, dziko losowa kwambiri lomwe lili ndi REO lopitilira 60% litha kupezeka.
Kuwola njira ya osowa dziko kuganizira
·Dziko lapansi losowaZinthu zomwe zimakhazikika nthawi zambiri zimakhala ngati ma insoluble carbonates, fluorides, phosphates, oxides, kapena silicates.Zinthu zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi ziyenera kusinthidwa kukhala zosungunuka m'madzi kapena ma inorganic acid kudzera mukusintha kwamankhwala osiyanasiyana, kenako ndikupita njira monga kusungunuka, kupatukana, kuyeretsedwa, kuyika, kapena kuwerengetsa kuti apange zosakanikirana zosiyanasiyana.dziko losowamankhwala monga osakanizika a rare earth chlorides, omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zopangira kapena zopangira zolekanitsa zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosowa.Njirayi imatchedwadziko losowaKuwola kokhazikika, komwe kumadziwikanso kuti pre-treatment.
• Pali njira zambiri zowoladziko losowaimayang'ana, yomwe imatha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: njira ya asidi, njira ya alkali, ndi kuwonongeka kwa chlorine.Kuwonongeka kwa asidi kumatha kugawidwanso kukhala kuwonongeka kwa hydrochloric acid, kuwonongeka kwa sulfuric acid, ndi kuwonongeka kwa hydrofluoric acid.Kuwonongeka kwa alkali kumatha kugawidwanso kukhala sodium hydroxide decomposition, sodium hydroxide kusungunuka, kapena njira zowotcha soda.Njira yoyenera yoyendetsera ntchito nthawi zambiri imasankhidwa kutengera mfundo za mtundu wokhazikika, mawonekedwe a kalasi, dongosolo lazogulitsa, kumasuka pakubwezeretsanso ndikugwiritsa ntchito mokwanira zinthu zomwe sizinali zachilendo padziko lapansi, phindu laukhondo wantchito ndi kuteteza chilengedwe, komanso kulingalira bwino kwachuma.
Ngakhale kuti miyala ya migodi 200 yosowa komanso yomwazika yapezeka, sinawonjezeredwe m'madipoziti odziyimira pawokha ndi migodi ya mafakitale chifukwa chosowa.Pakali pano, okha osowa palokhagermanium, selenium,nditelluriummadipoziti apezeka, koma kukula kwa madipoziti si lalikulu kwambiri.
Kusungunuka kwa nthaka yosowa
· Pali njira ziwiri zochitiradziko losowasmelting, hydrometallurgy ndi pyrometallurgy.
·Njira yonse ya rare earth hydrometallurgy ndi metal chemical metallurgy nthawi zambiri imakhala mu njira yothetsera komanso zosungunulira, monga kuwonongeka kwa madzi osowa kwambiri padziko lapansi, kupatukana ndi kuchotsaosowa nthaka oxides, mankhwala, ndi zitsulo zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zolekanitsa mankhwala monga mpweya, crystallization, kuchepetsa oxidation, zosungunulira m'zigawo, ndi ion exchange exchange.Njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi organic solvent m'zigawo, yomwe ndi njira yapadziko lonse lapansi yolekanitsa mafakitale a zinthu zapadziko lapansi zoyera kwambiri.Njira ya hydrometallurgy ndizovuta ndipo chiyero cha mankhwala ndichokwera.Njirayi imakhala ndi ntchito zambiri popanga zinthu zomalizidwa.
Njira ya pyrometallurgical ndiyosavuta komanso imakhala ndi zokolola zambiri.Dziko lapansi losowapyrometallurgy makamaka imaphatikizapo kupangaosowa dziko aloyindi njira yochepetsera sililicothermic, kupanga zitsulo zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi kapena ma aloyi ndi njira yosungunuka yamchere ya electrolysis, ndi kupangaosowa dziko aloyindi njira yochepetsera kutentha kwachitsulo ndi zina.
Chikhalidwe chofala cha pyrometallurgy ndi kupanga pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu.
Njira yopangira nthaka yosawerengeka
·Dziko lapansi losowacarbonate ndiosowa lapansi kloridindi zinthu ziwiri zikuluzikulu zikuluzikulu mudziko losowamakampani.Nthawi zambiri, pali njira ziwiri zazikulu zopangira zinthu ziwirizi.Njira imodzi ndi njira yowotcha ya sulfuric acid, ndipo njira ina imatchedwa caustic soda process, yofupikitsidwa ngati caustic soda process.
·Kuphatikiza pa kupezeka mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mchere wa rare earth, gawo lalikulu lazosowa zapadziko lapansim'chilengedwe amakhala ndi apatite ndi phosphate miyala yamchere.Zosungira zonse za phosphate ore padziko lapansi ndi pafupifupi matani 100 biliyoni, ndi avarejidziko losowakuchuluka kwa 0.5 ‰.Akuti chiwerengero chonse chadziko losowaZogwirizana ndi miyala ya phosphate padziko lapansi ndi matani 50 miliyoni.Poyankha makhalidwe a otsikadziko losowazomwe zili ndi zochitika zapadera m'migodi, njira zosiyanasiyana zochiritsira zaphunziridwa m'mayiko komanso padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zingathe kugawidwa m'njira zonyowa komanso zotentha.Mu njira yonyowa, amatha kugawidwa mu njira ya nitric acid, njira ya hydrochloric acid, ndi njira ya sulfuric acid molingana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zidulo.Pali njira zingapo zobwezeretsanso nthaka yosowa kuchokera kuzinthu zamakemikolo a phosphorous, zonse zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi njira zopangira miyala ya phosphate.Panthawi yopanga matenthedwe,dziko losowakuchira kumatha kufika 60%.
Ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mosalekeza kwa miyala ya phosphate komanso kusunthira ku chitukuko cha thanthwe lotsika kwambiri la phosphate, njira yonyowa ya sulfuric acid yakhala njira yodziwika bwino m'makampani opanga mankhwala a phosphate, ndikubwezeretsansozosowa zapadziko lapansimu sulfuric acid yonyowa phosphoric acid yakhala malo opangira kafukufuku.Popanga njira ya sulfuric acid yonyowa phosphoric acid, njira yowongolera kuchulukidwa kwa nthaka yosowa mu phosphoric acid ndiyeno kugwiritsa ntchito organic zosungunulira m'zigawo za nthaka osowa kumakhala ndi zabwino zambiri kuposa njira zoyambilira.
Njira yochotsa nthaka yosowa
Kusungunuka kwa sulfuric acid
Ceriumgulu (losasungunuka mu sulphate complex salt) -lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, ndi promethium;
Terbiumgulu (losungunuka pang'ono mu sulphate complex salt) -samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium,ndiholmium;
Yttriumgulu (kusungunuka mu sulphate complex salt) -yttrium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium,lutetium,ndiscandium.
Kupatukana kwa m'zigawo
Kuwaladziko losowa(P204 ofooka acidity m'zigawo) -lanthanum,cerium, praseodymium,neodymium, ndi promethium;
Dziko losowa kwambiri (P204 low acidity m'zigawo) -samarium,europium,gadolinium,terbium,dysprosium;
Zolemeradziko losowazinthu(kutulutsa acidity mu P204) -holmium,
Chiyambi cha M'zigawo
Munjira yolekanitsazosowa zapadziko lapansi,chifukwa cha kufanana kwambiri kwa thupi ndi mankhwala a zinthu 17, komanso kuchuluka kwa zonyansa zomwe zikutsagana nazo.zosowa zapadziko lapansi, njira yochotsamo imakhala yovuta kwambiri ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri.
Pali mitundu itatu ya njira zochotsera: njira yatsatane-tsatane, kusinthana kwa ion, ndi kuchotsa zosungunulira.
Pang'onopang'ono njira
Njira yolekanitsa ndi kuyeretsa pogwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kwa kusungunuka kwa mankhwala mu zosungunulira kumatchedwa njira ya sitepe ndi sitepe.Kuchokerayttrium(Y) kutilutetium(Lu), kulekanitsa kumodzi pakati pa zonse zomwe zimachitika mwachilengedwezosowa zapadziko lapansi, kuphatikiza radium yomwe idapezeka ndi banja la Curie,
Onse amapatulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi.Njira yogwiritsira ntchito njirayi ndi yovuta kwambiri, ndipo kulekanitsa kumodzi kwa zinthu zonse zosowa zapadziko lapansi kunatenga zaka zoposa 100, ndikulekanitsa kumodzi ndi kubwereza mobwerezabwereza kufika nthawi 20000.Kwa ogwira ntchito zamankhwala, ntchito yawo
Mphamvu ndizokwera kwambiri ndipo ndondomekoyi ndi yovuta.Choncho, kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi sikungapange dziko losowa kwambiri.
Kusinthana kwa ion
Ntchito yofufuza pazinthu zapadziko lapansi zosowa zalephereka chifukwa cholephera kupanga imodzirare earth elementzambiri kudzera mu njira zapam'mbali.Kuti kusanthulazosowa zapadziko lapansizomwe zili m'zinthu za nyukiliya ndikuchotsa zinthu zachilendo zapadziko lapansi ku uranium ndi thorium, ion exchange chromatography (ion exchange chromatography) idaphunziridwa bwino, yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito kupatukana.rare earth elements.Ubwino wa njira yosinthira ion ndikuti zinthu zingapo zitha kupatulidwa mu ntchito imodzi.Ndipo imathanso kupeza zinthu zoyeretsedwa kwambiri.Komabe, choyipa chake ndikuti sichingasinthidwe mosalekeza, ndi nthawi yayitali yogwira ntchito komanso ndalama zambiri zosinthira utomoni ndikusinthana.Chifukwa chake, iyi kamodzi njira yayikulu yolekanitsira zinthu zambiri zapadziko lapansi zosowa zachotsedwa panjira yolekanitsa yodziwika bwino ndikusinthidwa ndi njira yochotsera zosungunulira.Komabe, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe apamwamba a chromatography ya ion exchange pakupeza zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka kwambiri, pakali pano, kuti apange zinthu zodziwikiratu kwambiri komanso kulekanitsa zinthu zina zolemetsa zapadziko lapansi, ndikofunikiranso kugwiritsa ntchito chromatography ya ion. kupatukana ndi kupanga chosowa chapadziko lapansi.
Kutulutsa zosungunulira
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito organic solvents kuchotsa ndi kulekanitsa yotengedwa zinthu ku immiscible amadzimadzi njira amatchedwa organic zosungunulira madzi-zamadzimadzi m'zigawo, chidule monga zosungunulira m'zigawo.Ndi njira yosinthira zinthu zambiri zomwe zimasamutsa zinthu kuchokera kugawo lamadzi kupita ku lina.Njira yochotsera zosungunulira idagwiritsidwa ntchito kale mu petrochemical, organic chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, ndi analytical chemistry.Komabe, m'zaka makumi anayi zapitazi, chifukwa cha chitukuko cha sayansi ya mphamvu ya atomiki ndi teknoloji, komanso kufunika kopanga zinthu za ultrapure ndi zinthu zosowa, zosungunulira zosungunulira zapita patsogolo kwambiri m'mafakitale monga mafakitale amafuta a nyukiliya ndi zitsulo zosowa. .China yapeza kafukufuku wapamwamba kwambiri mu chiphunzitso chochotsa, kaphatikizidwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zotulutsa zatsopano, komanso njira yochotsera zolekanitsa zapadziko lapansi.Poyerekeza ndi njira kulekana monga mpweya graded, graded crystallization, ndi kuwombola ion, zosungunulira m'zigawo ali ndi mndandanda wa ubwino monga kulekana kwenikweni zotsatira, lalikulu kupanga mphamvu, yabwino kwa mofulumira ndi mosalekeza kupanga, ndi zosavuta kukwaniritsa kulamulira basi.Choncho, pang'onopang'ono yakhala njira yaikulu yolekanitsira ndalama zambiridziko losowas.
Kuyeretsa kosowa kwa dziko lapansi
Kupanga zopangira
Zosowa zapadziko lapansinthawi zambiri amagawidwa kukhala zitsulo zosakanizika zapadziko lapansi komanso zosagwirizanazitsulo zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka.The zikuchokera osakanizazitsulo zapadziko lapansi zosawerengekan'chimodzimodzi ndi chiyambi cha dziko chosowa chopangidwa mu miyala, ndipo chitsulo chimodzi ndi chitsulo cholekanitsidwa ndi kuyengedwa kuchokera ku dziko lililonse losowa.Ndizovuta kuchepetsaosowa nthaka okusayidis (kupatula ma oxides asamarium,europium,, thulium,ytterbium) kukhala chitsulo chimodzi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zambiri zazitsulo, chifukwa cha kutentha kwawo kwakukulu komanso kukhazikika kwakukulu.Choncho, ambiri ntchito zopangira kupangazitsulo zapadziko lapansi zosawerengekamasiku ano ndi ma chloride awo ndi ma fluoride.
Kusungunuka mchere electrolysis
Kuchuluka kwa osakanizazitsulo zapadziko lapansi zosawerengekam'makampani nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira ya electrolysis yosungunuka yamchere.Pali njira ziwiri za electrolysis: kloride electrolysis ndi oxide electrolysis.Kukonzekera njira imodzizitsulo zapadziko lapansi zosawerengekazimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi chinthu.samarium,europium,,thulium,ytterbiumsali oyenera kukonzekera electrolytic chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwawo kwa nthunzi, ndipo m'malo mwake amakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yochepetsera distillation.Zinthu zina zitha kukonzedwa ndi electrolysis kapena njira yochepetsera kutentha kwachitsulo.
Chloride electrolysis ndiyo njira yodziwika kwambiri popangira zitsulo, makamaka zosakanikirana zamitundu yosowa padziko lapansi.Njirayi ndi yosavuta, yotsika mtengo, ndipo imafuna ndalama zochepa.Komabe, cholepheretsa chachikulu ndicho kutulutsa mpweya wa chlorine, womwe umawononga chilengedwe.Oxide electrolysis situlutsa mpweya woipa, koma mtengo wake ndi wokwera pang'ono.Nthawi zambiri, single mtengo wapamwambamayiko osowamonganeodymiumndipraseodymiumamapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito oxide electrolysis.
Njira yochepetsera vacuum electrolysis imangokonzekera kalasi yamakampanizitsulo zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka.Kukonzekerazitsulo zapadziko lapansi zosawerengekandi zonyansa zochepa komanso zoyera kwambiri, njira yochepetsera kutentha kwa vacuum imagwiritsidwa ntchito.Njira iyi imatha kupanga zitsulo zonse zosowa padziko lapansi, komasamarium,europium,,thulium,ytterbiumsizingapangidwe pogwiritsa ntchito njira iyi.Mphamvu ya redoxsamarium,europium,,thulium,ytterbiumndipo calcium imachepetsa pang'onodziko losowafluoride.Nthawi zambiri, kukonza zitsulo izi kumachokera ku mfundo za kuthamanga kwa nthunzi wa zitsulo izi komanso kutsika kwa nthunzi walanthanum zitsulos.Ma oxides awa anayimayiko osowaamasakanizidwa ndi zidutswa zalanthanum zitsulos ndi wothinikizidwa kukhala midadada, ndi kuchepetsedwa mu ng'anjo vacuum.Lanthanumndi yogwira, pamenesamarium,europium,,thulium,ytterbiumamasinthidwa kukhala golidelanthanumndikusonkhanitsidwa pa condensation, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kupatukana ndi slag.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-07-2023