Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zida Zapadziko Lapansi mu Zamakono Zankhondo Zamakono

Dziko lapansi losowa,zomwe zimadziwika kuti "chuma" cha zipangizo zatsopano, monga zinthu zapadera zogwirira ntchito, zimatha kusintha kwambiri ubwino ndi ntchito za zinthu zina, ndipo zimadziwika kuti "mavitamini" amakampani amakono.Sagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale azikhalidwe monga zitsulo, petrochemicals, zoumba zamagalasi, kupota ubweya, zikopa, ndi ulimi, komanso zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazinthu monga fluorescence, magnetism, laser, fiber optic communication, hydrogen yosungirako mphamvu, superconductivity, etc, Zimakhudza mwachindunji liwiro ndi msinkhu wa chitukuko cha mafakitale apamwamba kwambiri monga zida zowunikira, zamagetsi, zakuthambo, ndi mafakitale a nyukiliya.Ukadaulo uwu wagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino muukadaulo wankhondo, kulimbikitsa kwambiri chitukuko chaukadaulo wankhondo wamakono.

Ntchito yapadera yomwe idasewera ndidziko losowazipangizo zatsopano zamakono zamakono zankhondo zakopa chidwi chachikulu kuchokera kwa maboma ndi akatswiri a mayiko osiyanasiyana, monga kutchulidwa ngati chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha mafakitale apamwamba ndi zamakono zamakono ndi madipatimenti oyenera a mayiko monga United States ndi Japan.

Chidule Chachidule chaRare Earths ndi Ubale Wawo ndi Chitetezo cha Asilikali ndi Dziko
Kunena zoona, zinthu zonse zosowa zapadziko lapansi zimakhala ndi ntchito zina zankhondo, koma gawo lofunikira kwambiri lomwe limagwira pachitetezo cha dziko komanso lankhondo liyenera kukhala pakugwiritsa ntchito monga laser range, laser guide, ndi laser communication.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwadziko losowachuma ndidziko losowaductile iron muukadaulo wamakono wankhondo

1.1 Kugwiritsa ntchito kwaRare EarthChitsulo mu Zamakono Zankhondo Zamakono

ntchito zikuphatikizapo mbali ziwiri: kuyeretsedwa ndi alloying, makamaka desulfurization, deoxidation, ndi kuchotsa mpweya, kuthetsa chikoka cha otsika kusungunuka zonyansa zoipa, kuyenga tirigu ndi kapangidwe, zimakhudza gawo kusintha zitsulo, ndi kuwongolera hardability ndi makina katundu.Asilikali asayansi ndiukadaulo apanga zida zambiri zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazida pogwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo.dziko losowa.

1.1.1 Chitsulo cha zida

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, makampani opanga zida ku China anayamba kufufuza za kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zitsulo zamtundu wa rare mu zitsulo zankhondo ndi zitsulo zamfuti, ndi kupanga motsatizana.dziko losowazitsulo zankhondo monga 601, 603, ndi 623, zikuyambitsa nthawi yatsopano yazinthu zazikulu zopangira tanki ku China potengera kupanga zapakhomo.

1.1.2Dziko lapansi losowacarbon steel

Pakatikati mwa zaka za m'ma 1960, China idawonjezera 0.05%dziko losowazinthu zina apamwamba mpweya zitsulo kupangadziko losowacarbon steel.Mtengo wotsatira wa chitsulo chosowa padziko lapansi ichi ukuwonjezeka ndi 70% mpaka 100% poyerekeza ndi chitsulo choyambirira cha carbon, ndipo mtengo wake pa -40 ℃ uli pafupifupi kawiri.Chophimba chachikulu cha cartridge chopangidwa ndi chitsulo ichi chatsimikiziridwa kupyolera mu mayesero owombera mumtundu wowombera kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zamakono.Pakadali pano, China yamaliza ndikuyiyika mukupanga, ndikuzindikira chikhumbo chanthawi yayitali cha China chosintha mkuwa ndi chitsulo muzinthu zama cartridge.

1.1.3 Chitsulo chosowa kwambiri cha manganese padziko lapansi komanso chitsulo chosowa padziko lapansi

Dziko lapansi losowamkulu manganese zitsulo ntchito kupanga thanki njanji mbale, pamenedziko losowazitsulo zotayidwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapiko a mchira, mabuleki a muzzle, ndi zida zopangira zida zopangira zipolopolo zothamanga kwambiri.Izi zitha kuchepetsa masitepe opangira, kukonza kagwiritsidwe ntchito kachitsulo, ndikukwaniritsa zizindikiro zamaluso ndi luso.

1.2 Kugwiritsa Ntchito Iron Rare Earth Nodular Cast in Modern Military Technology

M'mbuyomu, zida zam'chipinda chakutsogolo zaku China zidapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosasunthika chopangidwa ndi chitsulo chapamwamba cha nkhumba chosakanikirana ndi 30% mpaka 40% zitsulo zotayira.Chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zochepa, kuphulika kwakukulu, kugawanika kochepa komanso kosaoneka bwino pambuyo pa kuphulika, ndi mphamvu zopanda mphamvu zakupha, chitukuko cha matupi a kutsogolo kwa chipinda cha kutsogolo chinali choletsedwa.Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1963, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zipolopolo zamatope zapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosowa cha ductile, chomwe chawonjezera mphamvu zawo zamakina nthawi 1-2, kuchulukitsa chiwerengero cha zidutswa zogwira mtima, ndikunola m'mphepete mwa zidutswa, kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zawo zakupha.Chipolopolo chamtundu wina wa chipolopolo cha cannon ndi chipolopolo chamfuti cham'munda chopangidwa ndi zinthuzi m'dziko lathu chili ndi kuchuluka kwapang'onopang'ono kwagawidwe komanso kupha kokulirapo kuposa chipolopolo chachitsulo.

Kugwiritsa ntchito sanali ferrousrare earth alloymonga magnesium ndi aluminiyamu muukadaulo wamakono wankhondo

Dziko lapansi losowaali ndi zochita zambiri zamakina ndi ma radii akulu a atomiki.Akawonjezeredwa ku zitsulo zopanda chitsulo ndi ma alloys awo, amatha kuyenga kukula kwambewu, kupewa tsankho, kuchotsa gasi, zonyansa ndi kuyeretsa, komanso kukonza mapangidwe azitsulo, potero amakwaniritsa zolinga zonse monga kukonza makina, katundu wakuthupi, ndi kukonza ntchito.Ogwira ntchito zapakhomo ndi akunja agwiritsa ntchito katundu wamayiko osowakupanga zatsopanodziko losowama aloyi a magnesium, ma aluminiyamu aloyi, titaniyamu aloyi, ndi aloyi otentha kwambiri.Zogulitsazi zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muukadaulo wamakono wankhondo monga ma jets omenyera nkhondo, ndege zowononga, ma helikoputala, magalimoto apamlengalenga osayendetsedwa ndi anthu, ndi ma satellites oponya mizinga.

2.1Dziko lapansi losowamagnesium aloyi

Dziko lapansi losowama aloyi a magnesium ali ndi mphamvu zenizeni zenizeni, amatha kuchepetsa kulemera kwa ndege, kukonza magwiridwe antchito, komanso kukhala ndi chiyembekezo chogwiritsa ntchito.Thedziko losowama aloyi a magnesium opangidwa ndi China Aviation Industry Corporation (omwe tsopano akutchedwa AVIC) amaphatikiza pafupifupi magiredi 10 a aloyi a magnesium ndi ma aloyi opunduka a magnesium, ambiri omwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndipo amakhala okhazikika.Mwachitsanzo, ZM 6 cast magnesium alloy yokhala ndi rare earth metal neodymium monga chowonjezera chachikulu chakulitsidwa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito m'magawo ofunikira monga ma helikoputala ochepetsera kumbuyo kwa helikopita, nthiti zamapiko omenyera nkhondo, ndi mbale zotsogola za rotor za majenereta a 30 kW.Aloyi yamphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi yamphamvu kwambiri ya BM25 yopangidwa molumikizana ndi China Aviation Corporation ndi Nonferrous Metals Corporation yalowa m'malo mwa ma aloyi amphamvu apakatikati ndipo yagwiritsidwa ntchito mundege zomwe zimakhudzidwa.

2.2Dziko lapansi losowatitaniyamu aloyi

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, bungwe la Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Equipment (lomwe limatchedwa Institute) lidalowa m'malo mwa aluminiyamu ndi silikoni n'kupanga.rare earth metal cerium (Ce) mu Ti-A1-Mo titaniyamu alloys, kuchepetsa mpweya wa brittle magawo ndi kuwongolera kukana kutentha kwa aloyi ndi kukhazikika kwamafuta.Pazifukwa izi, aloyi yotentha kwambiri ya titaniyamu ZT3 yokhala ndi cerium idapangidwa.Poyerekeza ndi ma aloyi ofanana apadziko lonse lapansi, ili ndi zabwino zina pakukana kutentha, mphamvu, ndi magwiridwe antchito.Chophimba cha kompresa chopangidwa ndi icho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa injini ya W PI3 II, kuchepetsa kulemera kwa ndege iliyonse ndi 39 kg ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa kulemera kwa 1.5%.Kuphatikiza apo, njira zogwirira ntchito zimachepetsedwa ndi pafupifupi 30%, ndikukwaniritsa zopindulitsa zaukadaulo ndi zachuma, kudzaza kusiyana kogwiritsa ntchito titaniyamu casings zamainjini oyendetsa ndege ku China pansi pa 500 ℃.Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti alipo ang'onoang'onocerium oxideparticles mu microstructure ya ZT3 alloy munalicerium.Ceriumkuphatikiza gawo la okosijeni mu aloyi kupanga refractory ndi mkulu kuumaosowa nthaka okusayidizinthu, Ce2O3.Izi particles kulepheretsa kusuntha kwa dislocations pa aloyi mapindikidwe, kuwongolera mkulu-kutentha ntchito aloyi.Ceriumimagwira zonyansa zina za gasi (makamaka pamalire a tirigu), zomwe zimatha kulimbikitsa aloyi ndikusunga kukhazikika kwamafuta.Aka ndi kuyesa koyamba kugwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso cha zovuta zolimba za solute point poponya titaniyamu alloys.Kuphatikiza apo, patatha zaka zofufuza, bungwe la Aviation Materials Institute lakhala lokhazikika komanso lotsika mtengoyttrium oxidemchenga ndi zida za ufa mu titaniyamu alloy solution mwatsatanetsatane kuponyera, pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapadera wamankhwala a mineralization.Zakwaniritsa bwino mphamvu yokoka, kuuma, ndi kukhazikika kwa titaniyamu madzi.Pankhani yosintha ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a chipolopolo cha slurry, chawonetsa kupambana kwakukulu.Ubwino waukulu wogwiritsa ntchito chipolopolo cha yttrium oxide kupanga titaniyamu castings ndikuti, pansi pazifukwa zomwe mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa ma castings ndikufanana ndi njira ya tungsten pamwamba, ndizotheka kupanga titaniyamu alloy castings omwe ndi owonda kuposa omwewo. ndondomeko ya tungsten pamwamba.Pakalipano, njirayi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ndege zosiyanasiyana, injini, ndi anthu wamba.

2.3Dziko lapansi losowazitsulo zotayidwa

Aloyi ya aluminiyamu ya HZL206 yosamva kutentha yomwe ili ndi nthaka yosowa yopangidwa ndi AVIC ili ndi makina apamwamba kwambiri otenthetsera komanso kutentha kwa chipinda poyerekeza ndi faifi wopangidwa ndi aloyi kunja, ndipo wafika pamlingo wapamwamba wa ma aloyi ofanana kunja.Tsopano imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati valavu yolimbana ndi ma helikopita ndi ma jets omenyera nkhondo okhala ndi kutentha kwa 300 ℃, m'malo mwazitsulo ndi titaniyamu.Kuchepetsa kulemera kwapangidwe ndipo kwayikidwa pakupanga kwakukulu.Mphamvu yamanjenje yadziko losowaaluminium silicon hypereutectic ZL117 alloy pa 200-300 ℃ ndi yapamwamba kuposa ya West German piston alloys KS280 ndi KS282.Kukana kwake kuvala ndikokwera ka 4-5 kuposa komwe kumagwiritsa ntchito piston alloys ZL108, yokhala ndi kagawo kakang'ono kakukulirakulira kwa mzere komanso kukhazikika kwa mawonekedwe.Zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazowonjezera zamtundu wa KY-5, KY-7 air compressor ndi pistoni zama injini zamtundu wa ndege.Kuwonjezera kwadziko losowazinthu zotayidwa aloyi zotayidwa bwino bwino microstructure ndi makina katundu.Njira yogwiritsira ntchito zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka muzitsulo za aluminiyamu ndi kupanga kugawa kobalalika, ndi mankhwala ang'onoang'ono a aluminiyumu amathandizira kwambiri kulimbikitsa gawo lachiwiri;Kuwonjezera kwadziko losowazinthu zimathandiza kuti degassing ndi kuyeretsa, potero kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha pores mu aloyi ndi kusintha ntchito yake;Dziko lapansi losowazitsulo zotayidwa, monga nyukiliya ya kristalo yosakanikirana kuti iyeretse mbewu ndi magawo a eutectic, ndi mtundu wa zosintha;Zinthu zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi zimalimbikitsa kupanga ndi kukonzanso kwa magawo olemera achitsulo, kuchepetsa zotsatira zake zoyipa.α - Kuchuluka kwachitsulo mu A1 kumachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwadziko losowaKuonjezera apo, zomwe zimapindulitsanso kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu ndi pulasitiki.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwadziko losowakuyaka zipangizo zamakono zamakono zankhondo

3.1 Choonadizitsulo zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka

Koyerazitsulo zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka, chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zamakemikolo, sachedwa kuchitapo kanthu ndi okosijeni, sulfure, ndi nayitrogeni kupanga zinthu zokhazikika.Zikakumana ndi kukangana kwakukulu ndi kugunda, zoyaka zimatha kuyatsa zinthu zoyaka.Chifukwa chake, koyambirira kwa 1908, idapangidwa kukhala mwala.Zapezeka kuti mwa 17dziko losowazinthu, zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi kuphatikizacerium, lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium, samarium,ndiyttriumali ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri yoyaka moto.Anthu atembenuza katundu wa rndi zitsulo zapadziko lapansimu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida zoyaka moto, monga mizinga yaku US Mark 82 227 kg, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchitorare earth metallining, zomwe sizimangotulutsa zowononga zowononga komanso zowotcha.Gulu lankhondo laku America lotchedwa "Damping Man" la rocket warhead lili ndi ndodo 108 zazitsulo za rare earth ngati ma liner, m'malo mwa zidutswa zopangira kale.Mayeso ophulika osasunthika awonetsa kuti kuthekera kwake koyatsa mafuta oyendetsa ndege ndi 44% kuposa omwe alibe.

3.2 Zosakanizarare earth metals

Chifukwa cha mtengo wapamwamba wa zoyerazitsulo zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka,mayiko osiyanasiyana amagwiritsa ntchito kompositi zotsika mtengorare earth metals mu zida zoyaka moto.The kompositirare earth metalkuyaka wothandizila yodzaza mu zitsulo chipolopolo pansi kuthamanga kwambiri, ndi kachulukidwe wothandizila kuyaka (1.9 ~ 2.1) × 103 kg/m3, kuyaka liwiro 1.3-1.5 m/s, lawi awiri a za 500 mm, lawi kutentha monga mkulu monga 1715-2000 ℃.Pambuyo kuyaka, nthawi ya kutentha kwa thupi la incandescent ndi yayitali kuposa mphindi 5.Panthawi yankhondo yaku Vietnam, asitikali aku US adayambitsa bomba la 40mm pogwiritsa ntchito chowombera, ndipo choyatsira mkati mwake chidapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosakanizika chapadziko lapansi.Pambuyo pa kuphulika kwa projectile, chidutswa chilichonse chokhala ndi chowotcha chimatha kuyatsa chandamale.Panthawiyo, kupanga bomba mwezi uliwonse kunafika maulendo a 200000, ndi maulendo apamwamba a 260000.

3.3Dziko lapansi losowakuyaka aloyi

Adziko losowakuyaka aloyi masekeli 100 g akhoza kupanga 200-3000 sparks ndi lalikulu Kuphunzira dera, amene ali ofanana ndi kupha utali wa zida kuboola zida ndi kuboola zida zipolopolo.Choncho, chitukuko cha multifunctional zipolopolo ndi mphamvu kuyaka wakhala mmodzi wa malangizo waukulu wa zida chitukuko kunyumba ndi kunja.Poboola zida zankhondo ndi zipolopolo zoboola zida, machitidwe awo anzeru amafunikira kuti atalowa zida zankhondo za adani, amathanso kuyatsa mafuta ndi zida zawo kuti awonongeretu thanki.Kwa ma grenade, ndikofunikira kuyatsa zida zankhondo ndi zida zanzeru mkati mwakupha kwawo.Akuti bomba la pulasitiki losowa padziko lapansi lachitsulo lopangidwa ku United States lili ndi thupi lopangidwa ndi magalasi olimba a fiberglass ndi nayiloni yosakanikirana ndi alloy padziko lapansi, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino polimbana ndi mipherezero yomwe ili ndi mafuta oyendetsa ndege ndi zida zofananira.

Kugwiritsa ntchito 4Rare EarthZipangizo Zankhondo Zankhondo ndi Zamakono Zanyukiliya

4.1 Kugwiritsa ntchito muukadaulo wachitetezo chankhondo

Zosowa zapadziko lapansi zimakhala ndi mphamvu zolimbana ndi cheza.National Center for Neutron Cross Sections ku United States idagwiritsa ntchito zida za polima ngati gawo lapansi ndikupanga mitundu iwiri ya mbale zokhala ndi makulidwe a 10 mm ndikuwonjezera kapena popanda kuwonjezera zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimayesa kuyesa chitetezo cha radiation.Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti matenthedwe a neutron shielding effect adziko losowazipangizo polima ndi 5-6 nthawi kuposa wadziko losowazida za polima zaulere.Zosowa zapadziko lapansi zokhala ndi zinthu zowonjezera mongasamarium, europium, gadolinium, dysprosium, ndi zina zotero. ali ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri la mayamwidwe a nyutroni ndipo amakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pakugwira ma neutroni.Pakalipano, ntchito zazikulu zogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zamakono zotsutsana ndi ma radiation mu umisiri wankhondo zimaphatikizapo zinthu zotsatirazi.

4.1.1 Kuteteza ma radiation a nyukiliya

United States imagwiritsa ntchito 1% boron ndi 5% zosowa zapadziko lapansigadolinium, samarium,ndilanthanumkupanga konkire yolimba ya 600m yosagwira ma radiation yotchingira magwero a fission neutroni mumadzi osambira.France yapanga zida zodzitetezera ku radiation yapadziko lapansi powonjezera ma borides,dziko losowamankhwala, kapenaosowa dziko aloyiku graphite ngati gawo lapansi.The filler of this composite shielding material imayenera kugawidwa mofanana ndi kupangidwa kukhala zigawo zokonzedweratu, zomwe zimayikidwa mozungulira njira ya riyakitala malinga ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana za mbali zotetezera.

4.1.2 Kuteteza ma radiation a tank

Zimapangidwa ndi zigawo zinayi za veneer, ndi makulidwe okwana 5-20 cm.Gawo loyamba limapangidwa ndi pulasitiki yolimba yagalasi, yokhala ndi ufa wopangidwa ndi 2%dziko losowamankhwala monga fillers kutsekereza manyutroni othamanga ndi kuyamwa manyutroni ochedwa;Gawo lachiwiri ndi lachitatu limawonjezera boron graphite, polystyrene, ndi zinthu zomwe sizipezeka padziko lapansi zomwe zimawerengera 10% ya kuchuluka konse kwa zodzaza mpaka zoyambazo kuti zitseke ma neutroni apakati mphamvu ndikuyamwa manyutroni otentha;Gawo lachinayi limagwiritsa ntchito graphite m'malo mwa ulusi wagalasi, ndikuwonjezera 25%dziko losowamankhwala omwe amayamwa ma neutroni otentha.

4.1.3 Zina

Kugwiritsa ntchitodziko losowazokutira zotsutsana ndi ma radiation ku akasinja, zombo, malo okhala, ndi zida zina zankhondo zitha kukhala ndi anti radiation effect.

4.2 Kugwiritsa Ntchito Nuclear Technology

Dziko lapansi losowayttrium oxideangagwiritsidwe ntchito monga kuyaka absorber kwa uranium mafuta mu otentha madzi reactors (BWRs).Mwa zinthu zonse,gadoliniumali ndi mphamvu yamphamvu kwambiri yoyamwa ma neutroni, okhala ndi mipherezero pafupifupi 4600 pa atomu iliyonse.Aliyense mwachilengedwegadoliniumatomu imatenga pafupifupi ma neutroni 4 asanalephere.Mukasakanizidwa ndi uranium yokhazikika,gadoliniumimatha kulimbikitsa kuyaka, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito uranium, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu.Gadolinium oxidesichimapanga zovulaza zamtundu wa deuterium monga boron carbide, ndipo zimatha kugwirizana ndi mafuta a uranium ndi zinthu zake zokutira panthawi ya nyukiliya.Ubwino wogwiritsa ntchitogadoliniumm'malo boron ndi zimenezogadoliniumakhoza kusakanikirana mwachindunji ndi uranium kuti ateteze kufalikira kwa ndodo ya nyukiliya.Malinga ndi ziwerengero, pakali pano pali zida zanyukiliya zokwana 149 zomwe zakonzedwa padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zida 115 zotulutsa madzi zimagwiritsa ntchito madzi osowa.gadolinium oxide. Dziko lapansi losowasamarium, europium,ndidysprosiumZakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zotengera nyutroni mu obereketsa ma neutroni.Dziko lapansi losowa yttriumali ndi ang'onoang'ono kulanda mtanda gawo mu nyutroni ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zinthu chitoliro kwa osungunuka mchere reactors.Zojambula zoonda ndi zowonjezeradziko losowa gadoliniumndidysprosiumangagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati nyutroni munda zowunikira muzamlengalenga ndi nyukiliya makampani zomangamanga, pang'onodziko losowathuliumndierbiumangagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zipangizo chandamale kwa losindikizidwa chubu neutroni jenereta, ndiosowa nthaka okusayidiEuropium iron metal ceramics amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mbale zowongolera zowongolera zamagetsi.Dziko lapansi losowagadoliniumItha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chowonjezera chotchingira kuti chiteteze ku radiation ya neutroni, ndi magalimoto okhala ndi zida zokutidwa ndi zokutira zapadera zomwe zili ndigadolinium oxideimatha kuteteza ma radiation ya neutron.Dziko lapansi losowa ytterbiumamagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zoyezera geostress chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa nyukiliya pansi pa nthaka.Litiduwa losowahytterbiumimayendetsedwa ndi mphamvu, kukana kumawonjezeka, ndipo kusintha kwa kukana kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwerengera kupanikizika komwe kumayendetsedwa.Kulumikizanadziko losowa gadoliniumzojambulazo zomwe zimayikidwa poyika nthunzi ndi zokutira zokhazikika ndi chinthu chovuta kupsinjika zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza kupsinjika kwakukulu kwa nyukiliya.

5, Kugwiritsa ntchito kwaRare EarthZida Zamaginito Zamuyaya mu Zamakono Zamakono Zankhondo

Thedziko losowamaginito okhazikika, omwe amadziwika kuti m'badwo watsopano wa mafumu a maginito, pakali pano amadziwika kuti ndi maginito apamwamba kwambiri ogwira ntchito okhazikika.Ili ndi mphamvu ya maginito yoposa 100 kuposa chitsulo cha maginito chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zida zankhondo m'ma 1970.Pakalipano, yakhala chinthu chofunikira pakulankhulana zamakono zamakono zamakono, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyenda machubu oyendayenda ndi ma circulator mu ma satellites opangidwa ndi Earth, radars, ndi zina.Chifukwa chake, ili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu lankhondo.

Samariummaginito a cobalt ndi maginito a neodymium iron boron amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mtengo wa electron womwe umayang'ana kwambiri pamakina owongolera mizinga.Maginito ndi zida zazikulu zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri pamiyala ya ma elekitironi ndikutumiza deta kumalo owongolera a mizinga.Pali pafupifupi ma 5-10 pounds (2.27-4.54 kg) a maginito pa chipangizo chilichonse cholozera cha missile.Kuphatikiza apo,dziko losowamaginito amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuyendetsa ma motors amagetsi ndi kuzungulira chiwongolero cha mivi yowongoka.Ubwino wawo uli mu mphamvu zawo zamaginito komanso kulemera kwake kopepuka poyerekeza ndi maginito oyambilira a nickel cobalt.

6 .Kugwiritsa ntchito kwaRare EarthZida za Laser mu Zamakono Zamakono Zankhondo

Laser ndi mtundu watsopano wa gwero la kuwala lomwe lili ndi monochromaticity yabwino, mayendedwe, ndi kugwirizana, ndipo amatha kuwunikira kwambiri.Laser ndidziko losowazipangizo laser anabadwa imodzi.Pakadali pano, pafupifupi 90% ya zida za laser zimakhudzidwamayiko osowa.Mwachitsanzo,yttriumaluminium garnet crystal ndi laser yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri yomwe imatha kutulutsa mphamvu zambiri nthawi zonse kutentha kwapakati.Kugwiritsa ntchito ma lasers olimba m'magulu ankhondo amakono kumaphatikizapo izi.

6.1 Kusintha kwa laser

Theneodymiumdopeyttriumaluminium garnet laser rangefinder yopangidwa ndi mayiko monga United States, Britain, France, ndi Germany imatha kuyeza mtunda wa 4000 mpaka 20000 metres molondola mita 5.Zida za zida monga American MI, Leopard II waku Germany, Leclerc ya ku France, Type 90 yaku Japan, Israel's Mecca, ndi tanki yaposachedwa ya Britain yopangidwa ndi Challenger 2 onse amagwiritsa ntchito mtundu uwu wa laser rangefinder.Pakali pano, mayiko ena akupanga mbadwo watsopano wa laser rangefinders olimba kuti ateteze maso aumunthu, okhala ndi kutalika kwa kutalika kwa 1.5-2.1 μ M. Ma laser rangefinder a m'manja apangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito.holmiumdopeyttriumma lasers a lithiamu fluoride ku United States ndi United Kingdom, okhala ndi kutalika kwa 2.06 μ M, mpaka 3000 m.United States idagwirizananso ndi makampani apadziko lonse lapansi a laser kuti apange erbium-dopedyttriumlithiamu fluoride laser yokhala ndi kutalika kwa 1.73 μ M's laser rangefinder ndipo ili ndi zida zambiri zankhondo.Kutalika kwa laser kwa gulu lankhondo laku China ndi 1.06 μ M, kuyambira 200 mpaka 7000 m.China imapeza zofunikira kuchokera ku ma laser televizioni a theodolites pamiyezo ya chandamale pakukhazikitsa maroketi akutali, mizinga, ndi ma satellite oyesera olankhulana.

6.2 Laser malangizo

Mabomba otsogozedwa ndi laser amagwiritsa ntchito ma laser pakuwongolera ma terminal.Laser ya Nd · YAG, yomwe imatulutsa ma pulses ambiri pamphindikati, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunikira laser chandamale.Ma pulse ali ndi encoded ndipo ma pulses opepuka amatha kudziwongolera okha kuyankha kwa mizinga, potero amalepheretsa kusokoneza kuponya kwa mizinga ndi zopinga zokhazikitsidwa ndi mdani.Bomba lankhondo laku US la GBV-15 glider, lomwe limadziwikanso kuti "dexterous bomba".Mofananamo, itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga zipolopolo zoyendetsedwa ndi laser.

6.3 Laser kulumikizana

Kuphatikiza pa Nd · YAG, kutulutsa kwa laser kwa lithiamuneodymiumphosphate crystal (LNP) ndi polarized komanso yosavuta kusinthira, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwazinthu zodalirika kwambiri zama laser.Ndiwoyenera ngati gwero lowunikira polumikizirana ndi fiber optic ndipo ikuyembekezeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito muzolumikizana zophatikizika ndi cosmic.Kuphatikiza apo,yttriumchitsulo garnet (Y3Fe5O12) galasi limodzi angagwiritsidwe ntchito zosiyanasiyana magnetostatic pamwamba yoweyula zipangizo ntchito mayikirowevu kaphatikizidwe luso, kupanga zipangizo Integrated ndi miniaturized, ndi kukhala ndi ntchito yapadera mu rada ulamuliro kutali, telemetry, navigation, ndi countermeasures pakompyuta.

7. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwaRare EarthSuperconducting Zida Zamakono Zamakono Zankhondo

Chinthu china chikakumana ndi zero kukana pansi pa kutentha kwina, chimadziwika kuti superconductivity, komwe ndi kutentha kofunikira (Tc).Ma Superconductors ndi mtundu wazinthu zotsutsana ndi maginito zomwe zimalepheretsa kuyesa kulikonse kogwiritsa ntchito maginito pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu, komwe kumadziwika kuti Meisner effect.Kuonjezera zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosowa kwambiri kuzinthu zopangira ma superconducting kumatha kukulitsa kutentha kwakukulu kwa Tc.Izi zimalimbikitsa kwambiri chitukuko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo za superconducting.M’zaka za m’ma 1980, maiko otukuka monga United States ndi Japan anawonjezera mlingo wakutiwakuti waosowa nthaka okusayidis mongalanthanum, yttrium,europium,ndierbiumku barium oxide ndimkuwa oxidemankhwala, omwe anali osakanikirana, oponderezedwa, ndi osungunuka kuti apange zida za ceramic zopangira superconducting, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kufalikira kwa teknoloji ya superconducting, makamaka m'magulu ankhondo, ikhale yowonjezereka.

7.1 Superconducting mabwalo ophatikizika

M'zaka zaposachedwa, kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri pamakompyuta apakompyuta wachitika kunja, ndipo mabwalo ophatikizika a superconducting adapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zadothi za superconducting.Ngati mtundu uwu wa dera Integrated ntchito kupanga superconducting makompyuta, izo sizidzakhala yaing'ono kukula, kuwala kulemera, ndi yabwino kugwiritsa ntchito, komanso kukhala ndi liwiro kompyuta 10 kwa 100 nthawi mofulumira kuposa makompyuta semiconductor, ndi ntchito mfundo zoyandama. kufika 300 mpaka 1 thililiyoni pa sekondi iliyonse.Chifukwa chake, asitikali aku US akulosera kuti makompyuta a superconducting akangoyambika, adzakhala "ochulutsa" kuti agwire bwino ntchito yankhondo ya C1 pagulu lankhondo.

7.2 Ukadaulo wofufuza maginito wa Superconducting

Zida za maginito zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zida za ceramic zopangira ma superconducting zimakhala ndi voliyumu yaying'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kukwaniritsa kuphatikiza ndi kusanja.Amatha kupanga njira zodziwira njira zambiri komanso njira zambiri zodziwira, kukulitsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso cha unit ndikuwongolera kwambiri mtunda wozindikira komanso kulondola kwa chowunikira maginito.Kugwiritsa ntchito superconducting magnetometers sikungangozindikira zolinga zomwe zikuyenda monga akasinja, magalimoto, ndi sitima zapamadzi, komanso kuyeza kukula kwake, zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa machitidwe ndi matekinoloje monga anti thanki ndi nkhondo zankhondo zapamadzi.

Akuti gulu lankhondo la US Navy laganiza zopanga satelayiti yowonera kutali pogwiritsa ntchito izidziko losowazinthu za superconducting kuti ziwonetse ndikusintha ukadaulo wapanthawi yakutali.Setilaitiyi yotchedwa Naval Earth Image Observatory inakhazikitsidwa mu 2000.

8.Kugwiritsa ntchito kwaRare EarthZida Zazikulu Za Magnetostric mu Zamakono Zankhondo Zamakono

Dziko lapansi losowagiant magnetostrictive materials ndi mtundu watsopano wazinthu zogwirira ntchito zomwe zangopangidwa kumene kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 kunja.Makamaka ponena za zitsulo zosowa zapadziko lapansi.Mtundu uwu wa zinthu uli ndi mtengo wokulirapo wa magnetostrictive kuposa chitsulo, faifi tambala, ndi zida zina, ndipo mphamvu yake ya magnetostrictive ndi pafupifupi nthawi 102-103 kuposa zida zonse za magnetostrictive, motero zimatchedwa zida zazikulu kapena zazikulu za magnetostrictive.Pakati pa zida zonse zamalonda, zida zamphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi zopezeka ndi maginito zimakhala ndi zovuta kwambiri komanso mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.Makamaka ndi bwino chitukuko cha Terfenol-D magnetostrictive aloyi, nyengo yatsopano ya zipangizo magnetostrictive yatsegulidwa.Terfenol-D ikayikidwa mu mphamvu ya maginito, kukula kwake kumasiyana kwambiri ndi maginito wamba, zomwe zimathandiza kuti maginito ayende bwino.Pakalipano, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'madera osiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku machitidwe a mafuta, kulamulira kwa valve yamadzimadzi, kuika ma micro positioning kupita ku makina opangira makina a telescopes ndi owongolera mapiko a ndege.Kukula kwaukadaulo wazinthu za Terfenol-D kwapita patsogolo kwambiri paukadaulo wosinthira ma electromechanical.Ndipo yathandiza kwambiri pakupanga luso lamakono, luso lankhondo, komanso kupititsa patsogolo mafakitale achikhalidwe.Kugwiritsa ntchito zida za magnetostrictive zapadziko lapansi munkhondo zamakono kumaphatikizapo izi:

8.1 Zolemba

Kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa sonar kumakhala pamwamba pa 2 kHz, koma sonar yotsika pang'ono pansi pa mafupipafupi ili ndi ubwino wake wapadera: kutsika kwafupipafupi, kuchepa kwazing'ono, kufalikira kwa phokoso, komanso kusokoneza chitetezo cha pansi pa madzi.Sonars zopangidwa ndi Terfenol-D zakuthupi zimatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira zamphamvu kwambiri, voliyumu yaying'ono, komanso mafupipafupi otsika, kotero adakula mwachangu.

8.2 Ma transducers amagetsi amagetsi

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zazing'ono zoyendetsedwa - ma actuators.Kuphatikizira kulondola kwaulamuliro kufika pamlingo wa nanometer, komanso mapampu a servo, makina ojambulira mafuta, mabuleki, ndi zina. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagalimoto ankhondo, ndege zankhondo ndi ndege, ma robot ankhondo, ndi zina zambiri.

8.3 Masensa ndi zida zamagetsi

Monga ma magnetometer a m'thumba, masensa ozindikira kusamuka, mphamvu, ndi mathamangitsidwe, ndi zida zosinthira zamayimbidwe apamwamba.Zotsirizirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati masensa a gawo mumigodi, sonar, ndi zida zosungira pamakompyuta.

9. Zida zina

Zida zina mongadziko losowaluminescent zinthu,dziko losowazida zosungiramo haidrojeni, zida zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi zazikulu za magnetoresistive,dziko losowamaginito firiji zipangizo, ndidziko losowazida zosungira maginito-optical zonse zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino m'magulu ankhondo amakono, kuwongolera kwambiri zida zamakono zankhondo.Mwachitsanzo,dziko losowaZida zowunikira zagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pazida zowonera usiku.Mu magalasi owonera usiku, ma phosphor osowa padziko lapansi amasintha ma photons (mphamvu yowunikira) kukhala ma elekitironi, omwe amapititsidwa patsogolo kudzera m'mabowo ang'onoang'ono mamiliyoni ambiri mu ndege ya fiber optic microscope, yoyang'ana mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo kuchokera kukhoma, kutulutsa ma elekitironi ambiri.Ma phosphor ena osowa padziko lapansi omwe ali kumapeto kwa mchira amasintha ma electron kukhala ma photon, kotero kuti chithunzicho chikhoza kuwonedwa ndi diso.Njirayi ndi yofanana ndi ya kanema wawayilesi, komwedziko losowaufa wa fulorosenti umatulutsa chithunzi chamtundu wina pazenera.Makampani aku America nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito niobium pentoxide, koma kuti machitidwe owonera usiku achite bwino, chinthu chosowa padziko lapansi.lanthanumndi gawo lofunikira.Mu Nkhondo ya Gulf, magulu ankhondo amitundumitundu adagwiritsa ntchito magalasi am'masomphenya ausiku awa kuti awone zomwe gulu lankhondo laku Iraq likufuna mobwerezabwereza, posinthana ndi chigonjetso chaching'ono.

10 .Mapeto

Chitukuko chadziko losowamakampani alimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wankhondo zamakono, ndipo kuwongolera kwaukadaulo wankhondo kwathandiziranso chitukuko cha chitukuko chadziko losowamakampani.Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndi kupita patsogolo kofulumira kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo wapadziko lonse lapansi,dziko losowaZogulitsa zidzatenga gawo lalikulu pakupanga ukadaulo wamakono wankhondo ndi ntchito zawo zapadera, ndikubweretsa phindu lalikulu lazachuma komanso labwino kwambiri kwa anthu.dziko losowamakampani okha.